Analysis of

Cohesion and
Coherence in Text
ENERGY SAVING CLIMATE CHANGE TIPS
MUHAMMAD ARIF AL HAKIM
0203516074
Cohesion Analysis

A. Lexical Cohesion
B. Grammatical Cohesion
C. Rhetorical Cohesion
A. Lexical Cohesion:

Direct Repetition, Word Families, Synonyms and

Antonyms
Words from the same semantic field , lexical chains
and lists
Substitution with one/ones
A. Lexical Cohesion:
Direct Repetition, Word Families, Synonyms and
Antonyms

Direct Repetition : Water (7x) Office (5x)

Equipment (3x) Equipment (2x)
Saving (2), Supply (2x), Temperature (2x)
Word Families : Heat-Heating-Heated, Supply-Supplies
Synonym & Antonym : Supplies = Goods, Cool x Heat
A. Lexical Cohesion:

Words from the same semantic field , lexical chains

and lists

Same semantic field : Heated trough Steam, Hot Water

Lexical chains : Cooking-Cleaning-Bathing-Heating
Rudiment lists : Vessel-Kettle-Cauldron-Pot-Copper
B. Grammatical Cohesion:

Reference
Substitution of Clause Elements
Ellipsis of Clause Elements
Conjucts
Comparatives
Tense
B. Grammatical Cohesion:
Reference
Anaphoric : The, Its, Those
Its initial temperature refers to the previous phrase
Thermodynamic process
Those metal vessel refers to previous lists of certain words
kettles, cauldrons, pots, coppers
Cataphoric : -
Exophoric : We
We use in our school refers to the referent (the readers and
the writer) outside the text
Grammatical Cohesion:

Conjuncts (Linkers)
Additive : As well
Equipment such as computer, as well as office
furniture shows the relation of addition

Adversative : -
Causal :-
Temporal :-
Grammatical Cohesion:

Tense
Agreement:
1. Plural (are.familiar steps), (kettles, cauldrons, pots, and coppers)
2. Singular (..is...office equipment), (energy saving is transportation)

Structure:
1. Simple Present Tense
Coherence Analysis

Micro Level Coherence

Macro Level Coherence

Micro Level Coherence
Theme (Topic) and Rheme (Comment)

1st Paragraph

Topic (Theme) Comment (Rheme)

There are some familiar steps for energy saving which can be
considered the most important ways can we use in our school.

First one Is office equipment

 Theme (Topic) and Rheme (Comment)

2nd Paragraph
Topic (Theme) Comment (Rheme)
Office equipment are consumables and regularly used in offices by businesses
and other organizations, by individuals engaged in written
communications, record keeping on book keeping janitorial or
cleaning and for storage of supplies or data.

The range of item classified as office supplies varies, and typically includes small
expendable, dialy use item, consumable products, small
machins, heigher cost equipment such as computers, as well
as office furniture.
From the table above we can conclude that the pattern of the topic and
comment can be represented like the following chart:

1st Topic1 comment1

Topic2 comment2

2nd Topic1 comment1

Topic2 comment2
Macro Level Coherence
Schema

This text may use Hortatory or Analytical Exposition structure

It categorized into three parts, they are Thesis, Argumentation,
and Recommendation/Re-iteration
Conclusion
This text comprises 10 sentences and 5 paragraphs.
This text are not quite coherent and cohesive.
There is no conjuncts and there is only one linking words.
The schema of the text is not completed.