Transport in animals

Why we need a transport system?

3 week old larval
anchovy

How big can you be and still meet O2 demand of tissue simply
by diffusion?

The larval anchovy (average body radius = 0.6 mm) can meet all of
its metabolic demand by uptake of O2 by diffusion. The respiratory
and circulatory systems will take over to supply O2 to the tissues.

Any animal larger than 1 mm cannot rely on diffusion alone.

Gases diffuse far more readily through gas than aqueous solutions

Radius (distance to the geometric body center) increases

proportionally to body size.

Again, any animal with a body (made of water) radius > 1 mm

cannot obtain (or release) gases simply by diffusion, so you need a
circulatory system and a medium in that system, i.e. blood.

Length = 2
Radius = 0.5 Length = 4
Radius = 1
 Why have blood?
Transport of nutrients
from digestive tract to tissues, to
and from storage organs
Transport of metabolites
(e.g., lactic acid from muscle to liver)
Transport of excretory products
from tissues to excretory organs
Transport of gases
respiratory organs to/from tissues
Transport of hormones
Transport of cells
including cells of nonrespiratory
function (e.g., leukocytes in verts,
numerous cell types in inverts)
Transport of heat
Transmission of force
e.g., locomotion (earthworms,
spiders), erection of penis
Coagulation
 Open vs Closed Circulation
Closed circulatory system: is
found in all vertebrates and
some inverts (e.g., cephalopods).
Blood remains in vessels;
capillaries allow close contact
between blood and tissues
Arterial system: high pressure,
takes blood away from heart
Low volume (5-10% of body
mass)
Open circulatory system: is
characteristic of many inverts.
Blood (hemolymph) empties
into hemocoel and bathes
tissues and organs directly
Low pressure, high volume
(up to 40% of body mass)
Animal typically has hard shell
or exoskeleton. Insects have an
open circulatory system, but do
not use it for oxygen transport.
Mass flow transport

Needed for a constant supply of:

Oxygen
Nutrients

Also needed to get rid of waste

products such as:
Carbon
3 Major Parts of the Circulatory system

Blood Vessels - routes blood travels

Heart pumps or pushes blood through

body

Blood carries important *stuff through

body
 head, neck
superior vena
cava and arms
pulmonary
lungs vein
pulmonary artery

aorta
right left
atrium atrium
inferior vena right left
cava ventricle ventricle

hepatic artery
hepatic vein
liver
hepatic portal vein mesenteric artery
gut
renal vein
renal artery
kidneys

body and
legs
The Heart

The heart is mainly made

of cardiac muscle,
each muscle cell is
joined to the next by an
intercalary disc.

These cells are myogenic,

this means they can
contract and relax of
their own accord
throughout a human life
 superior aorta
vena cava

right left
pulmonary pulmonary
artery artery

pulmonary pulmonary
veins veins
right left atrium
atrium

tricuspid bicuspid
valve valve
left ventricle
right ventricle
septum

inferior vena
cava

semi-lunar valves
Your Blood is made of
Plasma

Plasma- water, ions, proteins

Plasma proteins
albumin- provides osmotic pressure

globulins-
alpha and beta- transport
gamma- antibodies (produced by
lymphocytes; other proteins by liver)

fibrinogen- clotting

Plasma volume regulated by hormones like ADH

Formed Cells

Erythrocytes- (red blood cells)

no nuclei or mitochondria
circulate for about 120 days
280 million hemoglobin molecules per cell

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

granular and agranular
granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranular: lymphocytes, monocytes
capable of amoeboid movement

Platelets- involved in clotting

The Cardiac Cycle ATRIAL SYSTOLE - Heart
END OF PRESENTATION!