Mata kuliah ini secara khusus membahas Audit Laporan

Keuangan yang dilakukan oleh Auditor Independen

(Akuntan Publik).
Terbagi atas
Auditing I - Semester Ganjil
Auditing II - Semester Genap
Referensi Utama :
Auditing, an Integrated Approach
Arens 9th Ed, 2003
Modern Auditing
Kell, 7th Ed, 2000
Standar Profesional Akuntan Publik (SPAP)
Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia
2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1-1
 The Demand for Audit
and Assurance Services

Chapter 1

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 Learning Objective 1

Menjelaskan assurance services

dan membedakan audit services
dari assurance services lainnya
dan nonassurance services yang
diberikan oleh akuntan publik

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 Assurance Services

Assurance services adalah jasa

profesional yang meningkatkan kualitas
informasi bagi pembuat keputusan

Assurance services dapat dilakukan

oleh akuntan publik atau oleh
berbagai profesional lainnya.

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 Attestation Services

Attestation service adalah jenis assurance

service dimana KAP menerbitkan suatu
laporan tentang keandalan suatu asersi
yang merupakan tanggungjawab pihak lain.

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 Examples of Attestation Services
Audit Laporan Keuangan Historis

Review Laporan keuangan Historis

Other Attestation Services :

Assurance tentang kepatuhan debitur terhadap perjanjian kredit.
Assurance tentang efektivitas internal control klien.
Assurance tentang informasi prakiraan keuangan klien.
etc.

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 Other Assurance Services

Sebagian besar assurance services lainnya tidak

memenuhi definisi formal dari attestation services.
Akuntan publik harus independen.
Akuntan publik harus memberikan keyakinan.
Akuntan publik tidak harus memberikan
laporan tertulis.

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 Assurance Services on
Information Technology
Tumbuhnya internet & e-commerce
memberikan peluang bagi akuntan publik untuk
memberikan jasa assurance tentang keandalan
pengendalian computer disekitar informasi
yang dieksekusi secara elektronik dan
keamanan informasi tersebut.

assurance over Web site controls

assurance about information system reliability

2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1-8
 Assurance Services on
Information Technology

WebTrust is an attestation service, and the

WebTrust seal is a symbolic representation
of the CPAs report on managements
assertions about its disclosure of
electronic commerce practices.

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 Assurance Services on
Information Technology

SysTrust is an attest-type engagement

to evaluate and test system reliability in
areas such as security and data integrity.

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 Other Assurance
Services Examples

Controls over and risks related to investments,

including policies related to derivatives

assessing the processes in a companys

investment practices to identify risks and to
determine the effectiveness of those processes.

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 Other Assurance
Services Examples

Mystery shopping

performing anonymous shopping to

assess sales personnel dealings with
customers and procedures they follow.

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 Other Assurance
Services Examples

Assess risks of accumulation, distribution,

and storage of digital information

assessing security risks and related

controls over data and other information
stored electronically, including the
adequacy of backup and off-site storage.
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 Other Assurance
Services Examples

Fraud and illegal acts risk assessment

developing fraud risk profiles and assessing the

adequacy of company systems and policies in
preventing and detecting fraud and illegal acts.

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 Assurance, Attestation, Audit

Audits Attestation
A Assurance

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 Assurance, Attestation, and
Nonassurance Services
ASSURANCE SERVICES

ATTESTATION SERVICES
Audits Reviews
Certain
Other Attestation Services Management
(e.g., WebTrust, SysTrust) Consulting

Other Assurance Services

(e.g., CPA Performance View)

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 Assurance, Attestation, and
Nonassurance Services
NONASSURANCE SERVICES
Other Management
Consulting
Certain
Accounting and
Management
Bookkeeping
Consulting

Tax
Services

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 Learning Objective 2

Menjelaskan peran
auditing dalam mengurangi
risiko informasi.

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 Economic Demand
for Auditing
Auditing timbul karena adanya information risk

Information risk merefleksikan kemungkinan

bahwa informasi yang menjadi dasar pengambilan
keputusan bisnis ternyata tidak akurat.

Auditing can have a significant effect

on reducing information risk.
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 Learning Objective 3

Penyebab timbulnya
information risk, dan
bagaimana menguranginya.

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 Causes of Information Risk

1. Remoteness of information

2. Biases and motives of the provider

3. Voluminous data

4. Complex exchange transactions

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 Reducing Information Risk

1. User verifies information

2. User shares information risk with management

3. Audited financial statements are provided

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 Economic Benefits from An Audit

Akses ke pasar modal

Mengurangi cost of capital

Mengurangi inefisiensi, errors, irregularities

Meningkatkan pengendalian & efisiensi operasi

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 Capital Costs to Shrink Elliotts
Example

Assuming a cost of capital of 13%, Elliott

estimates this rate is composed of the following:
5.5% risk-free interest rate
3.5% economic risk premium (business risk)
4.0% information cost (information risk)

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 Capital Costs to Shrink Elliotts
Example

Elliott believes the following factors will

drastically reduce information risk:
Advanced technology
New accounting and auditing standards
Auditors finding more efficient ways to audit

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 Learning Objective 4

Describe auditing.

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 Nature of Auditing
Auditing is the accumulation and
evaluation of evidence about
information to determine and
report on the degree of
correspondence between the
information and established criteria.
Auditing should be done by a
competent, independent person.

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 Accumulating and
Evaluating Evidence

Evidence adalah setiap informasi yang digunakan

oleh auditor untuk menentukan apakah informasi
yang diaudit disajikan sesuai dengan
kriteria yang ditetapkan.

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 Competent, Independent
Person

Auditor harus qualified dalam memahami kriteria

yang digunakan dan harus kompeten dalam
memahami jenis dan jumlah bukti yang harus
dikumpulkan untuk memperoleh kesimpulan
yang tepat setelah bukti2 tsb. diteriksa.

The competence of the individual performing the audit

is of little value if he or she is biased in the
accumulation and evaluation of evidence.

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 Reporting

Tahap akhir dalam proses audit adalah

menyiapkan Laporan Audit, yang
mengkomunikasikan temuan2 auditor
kepada pihak yang berkepentingan.

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 Audit of a Tax Return
Example
Information
Competent,
independent Federal tax
person returns filed
by taxpayer
Internal Report on results
revenue
agent Determines Report on tax
correspondence deficiencies
Accumulates and
evaluates evidence Established criteria
Examines cancelled Internal Revenue
checks and other Code and all
supporting records interpretations
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 Learning Objective 5

Auditing vs Accounting.

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 Distinction Between
Auditing and Accounting
Accounting is the recording, classifying,
and summarizing of economic events
for the purpose of providing financial
information used in decision making.

Auditing is determining whether

recorded information properly
reflects the economic events that
occurred during the accounting period.
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 Auditing vs Accounting
Accounting Auditing

Metode Mengidentifikasi, mengukur, Mengumpulkan & mengevaluasi

mencatat, mengklasifikasikan, bukti mengenai informasi dalam
& mengikhtisarkan peristiwa & laporan keuangan serta verifikasi
transaksi ekonomi kewajaran penyajiannya
Tujuan mengkomunikasikan informasi Meningkatkan kredibilitas
keuangan yg relevan & reliable laporan keuangan yg dibuat
untuk pengambilan keputusan manajemen.
Kriteria Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Standar Auditing
Hasil Laporan keuangan Laporan Auditor (Opini)
Tanggung Manajemen bertgjwb atas Auditor bertgjwb atas pernyataan
jawab laporan keuangan yang dibuat pendapat yang diberikan

2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 34
 Learning Objective 6

Jenis-jenis audit
dan perbedaannya.

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 Types of Audits

Financial Statement Audit

Operational Audit

Efficiency Effectiveness

Compliance Audit

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 Financial Statement Audit

Annual audit of Boeings

Example
financial statements
Information Boeing's financial statements

Established Generally accepted accounting principles

Criteria
Available Documents, records, and outside
Evidence sources of evidence

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 Operational Audit

Evaluate computerized payroll system

Example
for efficiency and effectiveness
Number of records processed, cost of
Information
the department, and number of errors
Established Company standards for efficiency and
Criteria effectiveness in payroll department
Available Error reports, payroll records, and
Evidence payroll processing costs
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 Compliance Audit

Determine whether bank requirements

Example
for loan continuation have been met

Information Company records

Established
Loan agreement provisions
Criteria
Available Financial statements and
Evidence calculations by the auditor
2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 39
 Learning Objective 7

Explain the strategic systems

approach to auditing.

2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 40
 Strategic Systems Audit

Auditor harus mempunyai pemahaman yang

menyeluruh terhadap entitas & lingkungannya.

Clients industry Operations

Regulations Relationships

Business strategies

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 Learning Objective 8

Identify the primary

types of auditors.

2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 42
 Types of Auditors

Kantor Akuntan Publik (KAP)

Auditor Pemerintah (BPK/BPKP)

Kantor Pemeriksaan Pajak (Karikpa)

Internal Auditors

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 Learning Objective 9

Dampak E-commerce
terhadap Akuntan Publik.

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 Impact of E-commerce
Akuntan Publik harus memahami
bagaimana teknologi mentransformasikan
semua aspek bisnis.

Information Technology

Hardware Internet

Software Communications
2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing and Assurance Services 9/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 45
 End of Chapter 1

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