Solutions &

Applications
Solutions & Applications
Approaches
Based on selection of basic unknown variables:
components of Stress, Strain and Displacement
Displacement approach
Stress approach
Strain approach
Mixed approach
Solutions & Applications
Displacement approach
Basic unknown variables: Displacement vector (3
components)
Deduction of other variables:
u geometric equations constitutive equations
Criteria: How to judge if displacement functions are
possible solutions
a) Equations of motion
b) Displacement BCs and Stress BCs
Compatibility equations are automatically satisfied
Solutions & Applications
Stress approach
Basic unknown variables: Stress tensor (6 components)
Deduction of other variables:
constitutive equations geometric equations u
Criteria: How to judge if stress functions are possible
solutions
a) Equations of motion
b) Compatibility equations
c) Displacement BCs and Stress BCs
Solutions & Applications
Strain approach
Basic unknown variables: Strain tensor (6 components)
Deduction of other variables:
constitutive equations geometric equations u
Criteria: How to judge if strain functions are possible
solutions
a) Compatibility equations
b) Equations of motion
c) Displacement BCs and Stress BCs
Solutions & Applications
Mixed approach
Basic unknown variables: Selected components from 3
groups of variables
Deduction of other variables:
constitutive equations geometric equations u
Criteria: How to judge if given functions are possible
solutions
a) Compatibility equations
b) Equations of motion
c) Displacement BCs and Stress BCs
Solutions & Applications
Solution skills
Semi-inverse method
Stress function method
Computational methods (FEM, FDM)

Solutions & Applications
Semi-inverse method
*Analyze the characteristics of geometry and
boundary conditions
*Select the basic unknown variables and assume their
forms if applicable
Deduce other variables with the selected basic unknown
variables
Determine the basic unknown variables in terms of the
criteria, i.e., EoM, compatibility equations and BCs
Solutions & Applications
Example-1: A cylinder under inner and outer pressure
a) Associated problems:
oil pipes, pressure vessel

b) *Analysis on geometry
and boundary conditions
Boundary conditions:
r Ri , 0 2 , rr pi , rz 0, r 0

r Ro , 0 2 , rr po , rz 0, r 0
Solutions & Applications
Plane strain deformation on (r, ) plane
u u (r , ), v v(r , ), w 0

rr rr (r , ), (r , ), r rr (r , ),
0, 0, ( )
rz z zz rr

Axis-symmetric deformation
u u (r ), v 0, w 0

rr rr (r ), (r ), r 0,
0, 0, ( )
rz z zz rr

Select displacement u(r) as the basic unknown variable.

The EoM and boundary conditions need to be checked.
Solutions & Applications
c) Solution procedure
Find the strains and stresses from displacement
u u
u u (r ), v w 0. r ,
r r
u u u
r 2 r ( r ) 2 ( )
r r r
u u u
2 ( r ) 2 ( )
r r r
Check the EOM
r r 2u 1 u 1
0 u0
r r r 2
r r r
Solutions & Applications
B
u (r ) Ar
r
B B
r A 2 , A 2
r r
B B
r ( 2 ) A 2 2 ( 2 ) A 2 2
r r
Determine A and B from boundary conditions
1 1
r Pi A 2
2 2
( P R Pi i )
R
2 Ro Ri2 o o
r Ri

r r Ro
Po B
1 Ro2 Ri2
2 ( Po Pi )
2 Ro Ri 2
Solutions & Applications
d) *Analysis on the solutions
Ro2 Ri2 Ri2 Ro2
r 2 P (1 2 ) 2 P (1 2 )
Ro Ri2 o
r Ro Ri2 i
r
Ro2 Ri2 Ri2 Ro2
2 P (1 2 ) 2 P (1 2 )
Ro Ri2 o
r Ro Ri2 i
r

Ro2 Ri2 1 r 1 1 1 r 1 1
u 2 Po ( ) Pi ( )
Ro Ri2 2 Ri 2 r 2 Ro 2 r
2 2

Principle of superposition can be applied.

Two major stresses ( rr , ) are independent of material
constants. But displacement u depends on material
constants.
 Solutions & Applications
Solution under plane-stress deformation can be deduced
1 1 1 (1 )(1 2 )
Plane strain: ,
2 E 2 E (1 )

1 1 1 (1 )
Plane stress: ,
2 E 2 E
Stress analysis at a point on pressure vessel (po=0)
R 2

Ri 2
Ro 2
R 2
R 2
2 p i
plane-strain
rr pi 2 2 (1 2 ) pi 2 2 (1 2 ) zz Ro Ri
i o i 2 2

Ro Ri r Ro Ri r 0
plane-stress
max
1 , 2 zz , 3 rr , ( rr ) / 2
min
Solutions & Applications
Example-2: A rotating disk under outer pressure
a) Associated problems: disk saw,
grinding wheel

b) *Analysis on geometry and

boundary conditions
Boundary conditions:

r Ro , 0 2 , rr po , rz 0, r 0
Solutions & Applications
Plane stress deformation on (r, ) plane and axis-symmetric
deformation

u u ( r ), v 0, w w( r , z )
E ( rr )dz

rr rr (r ), (r ), r 0,
0, 0, 0
rz z zz

Superposition of problem of static disk under pressure
(Problem 1) and problem of rotating disk without outer
pressure (Problem 2)
For problem 1, select displacement u(r) as the basic unknown
variables. Solutions can be derived from example-1.
For problem 2, select stresses ( rr , ) as the basic unknown
variables. Check the EoM, compatibility equations and BCs.
Solutions & Applications
c) Solution procedure (Problem 2)
Find the strains from stresses
1 1
r ( r ), ( r )
E E
Check the EoM
r r
2 r (1)
r r
Check the strain compatibility equations

u u
r , r r
r r r
Solutions & Applications
r
(1 )( r ) r ( ) (2)
r r
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1)
r
(1 ) 2 r
r r
(1 )
r 2 r 2 A (3)
2
Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (1)
r (3 )
r 2 r 2 r 2 A
r 2
(3 )
r Br C
2
A 2C , B 2
8
Solutions & Applications
(3 )
r 2 r 2 C
8
Determine C from boundary conditions
(3 ) (3 )
r r R 0 C R , A
2 2
2 R 2
8 4
(3 )
r 2 ( R 2 r 2 )
8
(3 ) 1 3 2
( R
2 2
r ) (From Eq. (3))
8 3
1
u r r ( r )
E
Solutions & Applications
d) *Analysis on the solutions
Stresses and displacement of Problem 1 (static thin disk
under pressure)
1
rr po po u po r
E
Stresses and displacement of Problem 2 (rotating thin
disk without pressure)

3 3 1 3 2
rr 2 ( R 2 r 2 ) ( R
2 2
r )
8 8 3
1
u 2 r[(3 ) R 2 (1 )r 2 ]
8E
Solutions & Applications
How to decide the MAXIMUM in terms of maximum
normal stress?
3
rr , max r 0 2 R 2 , 1 , 2 rr , 30
8

How to decide the MAXIMUM in terms of maximum

displacement?
1
u max u rR 2 R 3
4E

Question: For - , what if the thickness of disk is

much larger than its radius?
Solutions & Applications
Example-3: A uniform bar under gravity
a) *Analysis on geometry and
boundary conditions
Boundary conditions:
z 0, u v w 0 z L, zz zy zx 0
r=a, stress free.
Assume z z ( z ) 0, x y zx zy xy 0 and
select stress zz as the basic unknown variables. The
EoM, compatibility equations and BCs need to be
checked.
Solutions & Applications
b) Solution procedure
Check the EoM
z
g 0 z gz A
z
Determine A from stress BC
z z L
0 A gL z g (L z)
Find the strains and check the compatibility equations
z z
z , x y , zx zy xy 0
E E
The compatibility equations are satisfied.
Solutions & Applications
Check other boundary conditions
All the stress BCs are satisfied. But displacement BCs
are NOT fully satisfied.
w z 1
z w g ( Lz z 2 / 2) f ( x, y )
z E E
1
w z 0 0 f ( x, y ) 0 w g ( Lz z 2 / 2) (Satisfied)
E
u
x z u g ( L z ) x g ( y, z )
x E E

u z 0 0 g ( y, z ) gLx v z 0 0 h( x, z ) gLy
E E

(NOT satisfied)
Solutions & Applications
c) *Analysis on the solutions
Non-zero stress:
z g ( L z)
Displacement BCs are NOT fully satisfied.
Solutions are suitable for any shapes of cross-section.
Therefore we use Cartesian coordinate system although
the deformation of the bar is axis-symmetric
Solutions & Applications
Saint-Venants principle
Description: If the forces acting on a small portion of the
surface are replaced by another statically equivalent
system of forces on the same small portion of the
surface, such replacement only produces substantial
changes in stress and deformation in the vicinity of the
forces (affected zone). But it has negligible effect on the
stress and deformation at the distances much larger
than the dimension of small portion (unaffected
zone).
Solutions & Applications
Conditions
a) The size of affected zone is much smaller than that of unaffected
zone. (e.g., 1/10)
b) Two systems of forces are statically equivalent, i.e., the resultant
force and moment of two systems are same.
Applications
a) Ignore the details of BCs when BCs are not major concerns in
mechanics modeling
b) Describe BCs on the surfaces subjected to concentrated forces
and moments when the stress distributions are unknown
c) Conversion between different stress BCs or between displacement
BCs and stress BCs
Solutions & Applications
Example-4: Torsion of a rotating circular shaft
a) *Analysis on geometry
And boundary conditions
Boundary conditions:
z 0, 0 r R, u v w 0
2 r

z L, 0 r R, zz zr 0, r z drd Q
2

0 0
r R , 0 z L, 0
rr rz r

Problem (a)=Problem (b) (A rotating long disk without

torque)+Problem (c) (A static long shaft subjected to
torque)
Solutions & Applications
Solutions of problem (b) can be deduced from
example-2
*Preliminary analysis on the deformation in
problem (c)
u w 0, v 0
v is independent of coordinate variable and linear to
coordinate variables r and z. It has the form below
v Crz
For problem (c), select displacement v as the basic
unknown variables. The EoM and BCs need to be
checked.
Solutions & Applications
b) Solution procedure (Problem (C))
Find the strains and stresses from displacement
1 v C
v Crz z r , z 2G z GCr
2 z 2
Check the EoM
z z
0, 0 (Satisfied)
z r
Determine C from BCs
2 R
2 Q
0 0 r z drd Q C G R 4
2
Solutions & Applications
c) *Analysis on the solutions of problem (c)
Solutions: 2Q Q 2Q
z 4r z r v rz
R GR 4
GR 4

The solutions are appropriate only when the length of

shaft is much larger than its radius.
Stress analysis at a point (pure shear stress state)

0 0 0

0 0 z 1 z , 2 0, 3- z
0 0
z
Solutions & Applications
Stress function method
A transformed form of stress approach
Disadvantages of stress approach
a) 6 stress components
b) Satisfy two sets of basic equations, i.e., Equations of
equilibrium & Compatibility equations of deformation
c) Difficult to deduce the displacement
Solutions & Applications
Airy stress function (2-D problems)
a) Conditions of Airy stress function
For plane deformation only
Solids without body force and in static equilibrium
b) Stress components in terms of Airy stress function
In Cartesian coordinate system
2 2 2
xx , yy , xy .
y 2
x 2 xy
In polar coordinate system
1 1 2 2 1 1 2
rr , 2 , r 2 .
r r r 2 2 r r r r
Solutions & Applications
c) Compatibility equations in terms of Airy stress function
In Cartesian coordinate system
4 4 4
2 2 2 4 0
x 4 x y y
In polar coordinate system
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 0
r r r r r r r r
d) Advantages of stress function method
Stress function is a scalar function
Equations of equilibrium is automatically satisfied
Only compatibility equations need to be checked
Solutions & Applications
Procedure of using SFM to solve problems
a) *Assume the stress function form based on the
analysis of boundary conditions and compatibility
equations
b) Deduce the stress and verify the compatibility
equations
c) Determined the unknown constants in terms of Stress
BCs (Generally displacement BCs are not considered
in SFM )
d) Deduce strain and displacement from stress according
to constitutive equations and geometric equations
Solutions & Applications
Example
A thin cantilever beam is under a
uniform pressure, q, on its top surface,
as shown in figure below.
(1) Show that
= ay5 + bx2y3 + cy3 + dx2 + ex2y can be a stress
function.
(2) Use the above function to find the stress components in
the cantilever beam, leaving constants a, b, c, d and e
undetermined.
Solutions & Applications
(1) Check the compatibility equation
ay 5 bx 2 y 3 cy 3 dx 2 ex 2 y
2 3 4
2bxy 2dx 2exy, 2 2by 2d 2ey, 3 0, 4 0
3 3

x x x x
3 4

6by 2
2e, 12by
x y
2
x y
2 2

2
2
5ay 3bx y 3cy ex , 2 20ay 3 6bx 2 y 6cy
4 2 2 2

y y
3 4
60ay 6bx 6c, 4 120ay
2 2

y 3
y
4 4 4
2 2 2 4 24by 120ay 0 b 5a
x 4
x y y
 Solutions & Applications
(2) Find the stresses
2
xx 2 20ay 3 6bx 2 y 6cy
y
2
yy 2 2by 3 2d 2ey
x
2
xy 6bxy2 2ex
xy h3
b 2d he 0
h 4
0 x L, y yy xy 0
b 2d he q Stress BCs
2 h3
h
0 x L, y yy q, xy 0 4
2
NOT
2 3h
bx 2ex 0 satisfied
h h
x 0, y xx xy 0 2
2 2 20ay 3 6cy 0