Wind loading and structural response - Lecture 10

Dr. J.D. Holmes

Basic structural dynamics I

 Basic structural dynamics I

Topics :
Revision of single degree-of freedom vibration theory

Response to sinusoidal excitation

Response to random excitation

Multi-degree of freedom structures Lect. 11

Refs. : R.W. Clough and J. Penzien Dynamics of Structures 1975

R.R. Craig Structural Dynamics 1981
J.D. Holmes Wind Loading of Structures 2001
 Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Example : mass-spring-damper system :
- c(dx/dt)
c
m
x
- kx k

Equation of free vibration :

mass acceleration = spring force + damper force

mx - kx cx

mx cx kx 0
equation of motion
 Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Example : mass-spring-damper system :
c
m
x

Equation of free vibration : mx cx kx 0

c
Ratio of damping to critical c/cc :
2 mk

often expressed as a percentage

 Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Damper removed :

m
x(t)

Equation of motion : mx kx 0
1 k 1
Undamped natural frequency : n1
2 m 2
2 1
Period of vibration, T : T
1 n1
kx mx
mx is an equivalent static force (inertial force)
 Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Free vibration following an initial displacement :
c
m
x

Initial displacement = Xo

x(t ) C.e 1t cos(1t 1 2 )

2
2
k X0
1
2
C tan
m 1- 2 1- 2
 Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :

Free vibration following an initial displacement :

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
amplitude

0.2
0
-0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
time/T
 Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :

Free vibration following an initial displacement :

C.e 1t

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
amplitude

0.2
0
-0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
time/T
 Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Response to sinusoidal excitation :
c
F(t) m
Frequency of
excitation
k

Equation of motion :
mx cx kx F(t) Fo sint

Steady state solution : x(t) Fo /k H(n) sint

= 2n
1
2
H(n) = n 2 n
2
1 4 2
n 1 n
1

 Basic structural dynamics I
Single degree of freedom system :
Dynamic amplification factor, H(n)
Critical damping ratio
damping controls amplitude at
resonance
=0.01
100.0
=0.05
10.0
=0.2 =0.1
H(n)

1.0
0 1 2 3 4
=0.5
0.1
n/n1
F0
At n/n1 =1.0, H(n1) = 1/2 x
Then, max 2k
 Basic structural dynamics II

Response to random excitation :

c
F(t) m

Consider an applied force with spectral density SF(n) :

Spectral density of displacement :

2
S x (n) (1/k)2 . H(n) .SF (n) see Lecture 5

|H(n)|2 is the square of the dynamic amplification factor (mechanical admittance)

Variance of displacement :

2
x2 S x (n) dn (1/k) 2 . H(n) .S F (n) dn
0 0
 Basic structural dynamics II
Response to random excitation :

Special case - constant force spectral density SF(n) = So for all n (white
noise):

2 2
1 1

2
x 2 .S o
1
H(n) dn .S 0 dn
k k n 2
2
2
0 0 n
1 n 4 2
1 n1
2
1 n S
x2 . 1 o
k 4

The above white noise approximation is used widely in wind

engineering to calculate resonant response - with So taken as SF(n1)
 End of Lecture
John Holmes
225-405-3789 JHolmes@lsu.edu