Ferromagnetic Materials
Iron
Nickel
Cobalt
Ferrite
Alnico (Alloy of Aluminum, Nickel, and Cobalt)
Non-magnetic Materials
Aluminum
Brass
Bronze
Austenitic Stainless Steel
Typical discontinuities detectable by MT
Cracks
Seams
Laps
Cold Shuts
Laminations
Lack of fusion
Porosity
N S
N S
Bar Magnet
N S N S
N SN SN SN S
Molecular Magnet Smallest Magnet
Flux Leakage
MT Indication
S N
N S
N S
U - Magnet
Ferromagnetic
Material
N N
S S
Permanent Magnets
Lines of
Force
Direction of
Current
Direction of the Magnetic
Field (Lines of Force)
Current
Lines
of
Force
Current
Near-surface
Sub-surface
Circular Magnetization
Produced when electric current is passed through the test piece or by
the use of a central conductor through a central opening in the test
piece, inducing a magnetic field at right angles to the current flow.
Longitudinal Magnetization
Produced when magnetic field is generated by an electric current
passing through a multi-turn or laminated coil which encloses the test
piece or section of the test piece to be examined.
Manual Clamp/
Magnetic Leech
Localized
Prod Technique
Direct Contact
Magnetization
Head and Tailstock
Contact
Overall
Clamps
Central Conductor
Indirect Contact Induced Current Fixture
Magnetization
Yoke Magnetization
Requirements of Magnetic Particle Examination Procedure
ASME V, Article 7
Types of Magnetizing Current
Alternating Current (AC) Sensitive for detection of Surface Discontinuities
Electromagnetic Yoke
Magnetic Lines of Force
Weld
Black Light
or UV-A Light
Magnetic Particles
Electromagnetic Yoke
Dry Magnetic
Particles Field Indicator
Yoke Technique
Overlap
Weld With Reinforcement
Overlap
Particles
Wet
wet particle applied from aerosol spray cans may be applied
before and /or after magnetization current is applied.
Lifting Power of Yokes
ASME V Article 7
(a) Prior to use, the magnetizing power of electromagnetic yokes shall have
been checked within the past year. The magnetizing power of permanent
magnetic yokes shall be checked daily prior to use. The magnetizing power of
all yokes shall be checked whenever the yoke has been damaged or repaired.
(b) Each alternating current electromagnetic yoke shall have a lifting power of
at least 10 lb (4.5 kg) at the maximum pole spacing that will be used.
(c) Each direct current or permanent magnetic yoke shall have a lifting power of
at least 40 lb (18 kg) at the maximum pole spacing that will be used.
(d) Each weight shall be weighed with a scale from a reputable manufacturer
and stenciled with the applicable nominal weight prior to first use. A weight
need only be verified again if damaged in a manner that could have caused
potential loss of material.
Minimum Yoke Lifting Force
Yoke Pole
Type of Current Leg Spacing
50 to 100 mm. 100 to 150 mm.
AC 45 N (10 lb) -
Artificial Flaw
(all segment
interfaces)
1/32 in. max.
Copper plate
0.010 in 0.001 in. thick
1/8 in.
MT- Continuous Technique
1. Preclean
2. Apply contrast paint (wet-visible particles only)
3. Magnetize the test item
4. Apply magnetic particles while magnetizing the test items (magnet is on)
5. Inspect
6. Demagnetize (only when necessary)
7. Post clean
MT Residual Technique
1. Preclean
2. Apply contrast paint (wet-visible particles only)
3. Magnetize the test item
4. Apply magnetic particles (magnet is off)
5. Inspect
6. Demagnetize (only when necessary)
7. Post clean
MT - Continuous Technique
Processing Steps
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Magnet is ON Solvent Wipe-Off
Wet-visible
particles only
Wet-visible
particles only
B+Flux Density
a Maximum Flux Density
Retentivity (Saturation)
e
d
Saturation
B- Flux Density
High Carbon Steel
Hysteresis Loop
B+ Flux Density
(Saturation)
Coercive Force
H- H+
(- Magnetizing (+ Magnetizing
Force) Force)
Residual Magnetism
Saturation
-B Flux Density
Low Permeability - Hard to magnetize
B+ Flux Density
(Saturation)
Coercive Force
H- H+
(- Magnetizing (+ Magnetizing
Force) Force)
Residual Magnetism
Saturation
B- Flux Density
Recording of MT Indications
Sketching the Indications
Using Transparent Adhesive-Backed Tape
Spraying Strippable Film
Photographing
Recording the location, length and number of
indications
Yoke Demagnetization Method
Theory of Magnetization
- An Object is magnetized when part or all of its Magnetic
Domains have their North and South Poles oriented as
in the sketch below.
S
N N
N S N S
N
S S N S
Note: Care should be exercised to ensure that the test piece is entirely
removed from the influence of the A.C. Yoke before the demagnetization
force is discontinued, otherwise the demagnetization may have the
reverse effect of magnetizing the part.
Post-Test Cleaning
Use of compressed air to blow off unwanted dry
magnetic particles.
Drying of wet magnetic particles and subsequent
removal by brushing or compressed air.
Removal of wet magnetic particles by flushing
with solvent
Nonrelevant Indication
Magnetic Magnetic