Fiber Planning

Overview of Access Network

 Definition (AN)
It is access of customer to the telecommunication
services or vice versa.

Traditionally it was called OSP (Outside Plant)

or LN (Local Network) or Local Loop.

Access Network is a network that connects a

user to the telecommunication services.

3
 Access Network

EX

Access Network

LE
END USER

EX AN is called the last mile of Telecom Network

4
 Role of AN in the Operators Business

Final tool for service delivery to the end users

Quality & flexibility of AN determine the speed and quality of service to the end users
Major cost factor for the operator
Accounts for about 40~50% of total telecom network investment
Very important in a competitive environment
End user oriented, generates revenue for operators

Services
Services
Access Network
node

End user
Motive: revenue

Good AN, Better Services, More Revenue !

138
5
 Types of Access Networks
Wired Access Networks
Copper wired Access Networks
2 W-Loop for POTS, ISDN,XDSL

Fiber optic based access Networks

FTTB
FTTC
FTTH
For POTS, ISDN,XDSL, VOIP, TV, MSAN.

Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable Systems

Access network for the cable TV networks, Internet, VOIP.

Wireless Access System (WLL)

CDMA
Wi-MAx

6
 Characteristics of Traditional Access Mode

Feeder layer Distribution layer Drop layer

500m~1 km 10~300 m
3~5 km
LE CC D.P
Connection
Central office Cabinet
Distribution
Box
USER
Copper Cables Based
Point to point/star architecture
Tailored to voice/low speed data
passive

7
 Limitation of Traditional Access Mode

Feeder layer Distribution layer Drop layer

500m~1 km 10~300 m
3~5 km
LE CC D.P
Connection
Central office Cabinet
Distribution
Box
USER
Copper Cables Based
Small coverage
Limited bandwidth
Maintenance complexity
Reliability cut down
Enormous investment
Traditional access mode has become the
bottleneck of modern telecom network!

8
 How to Overcome the bottleneck

Optical Integrated Services

Access Network
!
Advantages:
Wide Coverage
Broad Bandwidth
Easy Maintenance
High Reliability
Low Investment
140
9
 Access Network Status

During the current period of transition, global telecom carriers

need to:

1. Enhance service competitiveness and provide more services.

2. Increase ARPU (Average Revenue Per User) value and reduce
the maintenance cost by binding multiple services.
3. Improve customers satisfaction on the network and reduce the
customer churn rate.

To make a success in the transition, increasing the

bandwidth is the prerequisite.

10
 Introduction-Broadband Services
Voice services revenue is getting flat
On a world wide basis, the market is calling
out for broadband which allows for the wide
range of applications and products e.g.,
High speed internet access
Sophisticated telephony services
High definition TV
Video on demand
Network based gaming
Music and moving down load
Education and business based video conferencing
Telemedicine.

11
 Narrowband and Broadband Services

Internet connection Time to down load a Time to down load Streaming video
speed typical web page a typical 5 min quality
song
56K dial-up modem 14 sec 12 min 30 sec -

256K broadband 3 sec 3 min Low Quality

512K broadband 1.6 sec 1 min 30 sec
1Mb broadband 0.8 sec 41 sec
2Mb broadband 0.4 sec 20 sec Medium Quality

4Mb broadband 0.1 sec 5 sec

6Mb broadband Instantaneous Instantaneous
8Mb broadband Instantaneous Instantaneous TV Quality

12
 How to provide Broadband services
through Access Network
Digital Subscriber Line
Cable Modem
Fiber in The Loop
Wireless
Satellite
Broadband over Power Lines

13
 Development Trend of the Access Network
- All over IP

Wireless Voice

Online Gaming
Wireless Data
High Speed
Streaming

Location &
Message

Presence
Message

Directory
Internet
Dial-up

Storage
Service
Voice

Video
VoIP

Voice
Data
FR
X.25 Eth/IP/MPLS
Core IP
Aggregation Network

ATM

PSTN SDH

DSL
PDH

Cable

Access ADSL
GSM/GPRS CDMA
Ethernet

14
 What is FTTH? Copper
// Fiber

CO/HE

CO/HE
//

Old networks, optimized for voice 2 Mbps

CO/HE
//

Optical networks, optimized for voice, 1 Gbps +

video and data
Note: network may be aerial or underground

15
 What is FTTH?
An OAN in which the ONU is on or within the customers premise.
Although the first installed capacity of a FTTH network varies, the
upgrade capacity of a FTTH network exceeds all other transmission
media.
OAN: Optical Access Network
ONU: Optical Network Unit

OLT: Optical Line Termination

OAN
CO/HE
//

OLT ONU

16
 Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper
A single copper pair is capable
of carrying 6 phone calls

A single fiber pair is capable of

carrying over 2.5 million
simultaneous phone calls 64
channels at 2.5 Gb/s)
A fiber optic cable with the same
information-carrying capacity
(bandwidth) as a comparable
copper cable is less than 1% of
both the size and weight

17
 Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper

Glass Copper
Uses light Uses electricity
Transparent Opaque
Dielectric material- Electrically conductive material
nonconductive Susceptible to EMI
EMI immune High thermal expansion
Low thermal expansion Ductile material
Brittle, rigid material Subject to corrosion and
Chemically stable galvanic reactions
Fortunately, its recyclable

18
 What is a Fiber Optic Cable?

An optical fiber (or fiber) is a glass or

plastic fiber designed to guide light
along its length

19
 History of Optical Communication
Hand signals, Flags and Smoke Signals
Light Transmission through bent water jet
1000 Nature of light was defined and laws of reflection given
1880 Photo Phone by A.G. Bell
1962 Laser diode
1966 Idea of optical fiber for communication by Kao & Hock ham
1970 Chemical vapor deposition(VCD) < 20 db/ Km by Corning
1973 MCVD <1 db/Km by Bell Systems

20
 Classification of Optical Fiber
on the basis of
Areas of Application

21
 FIBER OPTIC CABLES

Internal External
Duct Cable
Simplex Cord Underground Cables
Direct Burial Cable
Duplex Cord
Underwater Cable
Breakout Cable
Short Span Cable
Distribution Cable
Long Span Cable Aerial Cables

OPGW Cable

22
 Classification on Application

Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable

23
 Classification on Application

Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable

24
 Breakout Cable

Simplex Cord

Duplex figure 8 / Zip Cord

25
 Breakout Cable
Continued

PVC sheath
PVC jacket
Centre member
Buffered Optical Fiber
Aramid yarn

26
 Distribution Cable

Aramid yarn
Optical Fiber
Tight buffer
Flame retardant PVC &
zero halogen sheath

27
 Classification on Application

Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable

28
 Direct Burried Cable
Central strength member

Jelly filled loose tube

PE inner sheath

Corrugated coated steel tape armour

Moisture barrier sheath

PE outer sheath

29
 Classification on Application

Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable

30
 DUCT CABLE

Polyethylene outer sheath

Polyester tapes
Jelly
strength member
Small Loose tube
Optical fiber

31
 Classification on Application

Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable

32
 Aerial Fiber Optic Cable

Several variations of Aerial cables are

available for fiber optic, depending on
the placement, application and
environment.

33
 AERIAL CABLE Tight Buffer

Supporting strength member

PE sheath
Central strength member
Tight buffer

34
 AERIAL CABLE Loose Tube

Optical fiber

Central strength member

Jelly filed Loose tube
Supporting strength member

High density PE sheath

35
 AERIAL CABLE - Short Span

Central strength member

Moister resistant jelly
Loose tube
PE sheath
Aramid yarn

High density PE sheath

36
 AERIAL CABLE Long Span

Optical Fiber

Jelly Filled Slotted core

PE Inner sheath
Rods Reinforcing

PE outer sheath

37
 Classification on Application

Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable

38
 Under Water Cable
Central strength member
Optical fibers in loose tube
Heat sealable tape
PE inner sheath
Moisture barrier sheath
Bitumen layer
Armoring wires
PE outer sheath

39
 Insertion Repeatability Fiber type Application
Connector loss

0.06-1.00 dB 0.20dB SM,MM Telecommunication

0.20-0.50dB 0.20dB SM,MM Telecommunication

0.20-0.70dB 0.20dB MM Fiber Optic Networks

0.50-1.00dB 0.20dB SM,MM Datacom,Telecommunic

ation

0.20-0.70dB 0.20dB SM,MM Fiber Optic Networks

40
 Connector Insertion loss Repeatability Fiber Application
type

0.30-1.00dB 0.25dB SM,MM Highdensity

Interconnects

0.20-0.45dB 0.10dB SM,MM Telecommunication

0.2-0.45dB 0.10dB SM,MM Datacom

0.40-0.80dB 0.30dB MM Military

Typ.0.40dB (SM) Typ.0.40dB (SM) SM,MM Inner-/intra-building

Typ.0.50dB (MM) Typ.0.20dB (MM) Security, Navy

41
 ADAPTERS

ST Adapter SMA Adapter

42
 ADAPTERS Continued

D4 Adapter DIN Adapter

43
 ADAPTERS Continued

Biconic Adapter FC Adapter

44
 ADAPTERS Continued

SC Adapter Mini- BNC Adapter

45
 Optical Fiber Structure
Core
Thin glass centre of the fiber where the light travels
Cladding
Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the
core
Coating
Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture
Glass
Glass core glass cladding
Lowest attenuation
Plastic
Plastic core plastic cladding
Highest attenuation
Plastic-clad silica
Glass core plastic cladding
Intermediate attenuation

46
 TYPES OF FIBRES
1. SINGLE-MODE 2. MULTI-MODE

SINGLE-MODE

In single-mode fibre only one ray, or mode, of light

propagates down the core at a time. It is used
primarily for telephony and cable television
applications, and is used increasingly for campus
backbones.

47
 MULTI-MODE

Multi-mode fibre was the first type of fibre to be

commercialized and is commonly used for data
communications. In multi-mode fibre many rays, or
modes, of light propagate down the core
simultaneously. Multi-mode fibre typically is used in
private premises networks, where signals are
transmitted less than two kilometers.

48
 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
SINGLE-MODE
1. Diameter of core is less
2. Only one mode is propagated
3. Used for Short Haul & Long Haul Transmission

MULTI-MODE
1. Diameter of core is more
2. More than one mode are propagated
3. Used for Short Haul transmission

49
 Fiber Optic ITU Standards
G.651 MMF
Large core: 50-62.5 microns in diameter
Transmit infrared light (wavelength=850 to
1300 nm)
Light Emitting Diode
G.652 SMF
Small core: 8-10 microns in diameter
Transmit laser light (wavelength= 1200 to
1600 nm)
Laser Diode

50
 OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
Fibres

Slotted
Inner Core
Steel Armoring
Polly-ethylene
Middle sheet
Polly-ethylene
Polly-ethylene
sheet
sheet
Strengthening
member

Corrugated
steel
tape
51
 Fiber Optic Cable Construction

52
 REASON OF ABSORPTION LOSSES IN
FIBER

Atomic Defects in Glass composition

Impurities of metal ions
Electronic absorption bands in the ultra-violet
region
Atomic vibration bands in the near infrared
region
Intrinsic absorption

53
 Optical Fiber Transmission System
Optical Transmitter:
Produces and encodes the light signal.
Optical Amplifier:
May be necessary to boost the light signal (for
long distance)
Optical Receiver:
Receives and decodes the light signal
Optical Fiber:
Conducts the light signal over a distance
Tx Amp Rx

54
 Optical Transmitter
Function:
Electrical to optical converter
Types:
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Laser Diode (LD)
Comparison:
Item LED LD
Data rate Low High
Mode Multimode Multimode/Single mode
Distance short long
Temp sensitivity minor substantial
cost low expensive

55
 Optical Amplifier
Definition: amplifier
An optical fiber with a doped coating
How it works:
Most atoms in excited state rather then in ground state
When perturbed by a photon, matter loses energy resulting in
the creation of another photon
Second photon is created with the same phase, frequency,
polarization and direction of travel as the original.
The perturbing photon is not destroying in the process
Elements:
Erbium-rare, so expensive
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

56
 Optical Receiver
Function:
Optical to electrical conversion.
Types photo detector:
APD - (avalanche Photo Diode)
PIN (Positive Intrinsic Negative Photo Diode)
How it works:
Gives an electrical pulse when struck by light
Error:
Thermal noise is an issue.
To make pulse powerful enough, the error rate can
be made arbitrarily small
57
 Optical Transceiver
Definition:
A transmitter and a receiver in a single
housing
Practical Implementation:
Transceivers typically comes as SFP
Small-form-factor pluggable unit

TX

58
 Joining Fibers - connectors
Properties:
Good alignment/correct orientation.
Presentation at the termination point of the fiber
Always introduce some loss
Connector types:
Amount of mating cycles
LC, FC, SC,
Color code
APC green
PC - blue

59
 Optical Power Splitter
Optical Splitter:
Typically divide an optical signal from a single
input into multiple (e.g two) output signal
Generally provide a small optical loss to the
signal passed through it

60
 Optical Power Splitter

Power of 2 split
3.5 dBm loss every split
1x8 has on average 3.5x3=10.5 dBm of loss
1x32 has on average 3.5x5=17.5 dBm of loss
Optical budget 28 dBm = 20 km

61
 Fiber Cable loose tube
Ideal for long distance
Easy drop-off
Standard buffer tubes for excess
fiber length
Anti-bucking central strength
member
Termination and splicing requires
cleaning
Gel may weaken fiber
Inflexible stress buildup, cracks,
water penetration

62
 Loose Tube Cable in FTTH
Advantages:
Proven technology
Lower cost for fibers below 144 fibers
Ease of access to individual fibers

Disadvantages:
Available in size only up to 432 fibers
Cable becomes very large for size over 288 fibers
Restoration can take longer for large count cable
Need to pay attention to buffer tube storage in cold
weather

63
 Tight Buffer
Usually indoor
Single fiber for patch-cords, pig-tails,
jumpers, linking devices.
Multi fiber in riser application

64
 Ribbon Cable in FTTH
Advantages:
Proven technology
Lower cost for 144 fibers and large
Ease of access to individual fiber
Large count cables will fit in a smaller duct than the
same sized loose tube
Higher fiber count in a splice tray
Disadvantages:
More difficult to store pass-through fiber in a ped or
splice case
Ribbon is less tolerant to physical damage than loose
tube
65
 HOW FIBRE WORKS

66
 Types of Windows used
Wavelengths used for Single Mode Fiber (long distances) communications
1310 nm
Usually lowest cost lasers
Used for shorter broadcast runs and short to moderate data runs
1550 nm
Can be amplified with relatively low-cost erbium doped fiber amplifiers
(EDFAs)
Lasers are fabricated on a number of different wavelengths (about
1535 1600 nm) for wave division multiplexing (WDM) applications
Slightly lower fiber loss at 1550 nm
1490 nm
Increasingly popular for downstream data in 3l systems.
Cannot be amplified as easily
Somewhat higher device cost

67
 Single and Dual Fiber Systems
Single Fiber
Downstream broadcast* on 1550 nm
Upstream data on 1310 nm
Downstream data on either 1310 or 1490 nm* depending on
system
Advantages
Less fiber deployed
Fewer optical passives (taps or splitters)
Fewer labor-intensive connections

* Downstream data can be carried at 1550 nm if not used for broadcast

68
 Single and Dual Fiber Systems
Dual Fiber
Various plans, usually one fiber will be used for
downstream and one for upstream, or one will be used
for broadcast and one for data. Sometimes one will be
used for specialized services, such as returning RF-
modulated data from set top terminals
Advantages
Simplifies terminal passive components
Somewhat lower signal loss

69
 FITL -Fiber in the loop

FTTB
Fiber to the Building/Basement
FTTC
Fiber to the Curb/Cabinet
FTTH
Fiber to the Home

70
 Architecture of Optical Access Network
CO Customer
Premise
3.5-5km
xDSL 2~20Mbps Remote Business
BA DSLAM

ODN Curb

2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up

FTTC OLT

MDU
Multi-Dwelling Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTB OLT

ONU
Optical Networks Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTH OLT
ONT
Optical Line Termination Optical Networks Termination

71
 What is Optical Access Network?
From the architecture diagram, the optical access network comprises the following
scenarios:

1. FTTB scenario
SBU : Single business unit ; providing a comparatively small number of ports such as
POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports
MTU :Business Multi-tenant unit ; providing a comparatively larger number of ports,
including POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports.
FTTb ~ Fiber to the Building , is the deployment of fiber (optical) cable to a
specific location within a building, then connected to the buildings
existing copper, cable facilities.
This deployment is also referred to as FTTB (Fiber to the Basement) &
FTTB (Fiber to the Business).
This deployment will be the typical for MDUs & MTUs also known as
** FTT mdu ~ Fiber to the MDU **

72
 2. FTTC & FTTCab scenario
. FTTC & FTTCab scenario
MDU : Multi-dwelling unit ;providing a comparatively larger number of ports,
including 10/100/1000BASE-T, VDSL2, and so on.
FTTc ~ Fiber to the Curb , is the deployment of fiber close to
the customer but not fully to the customers residence.

In this deployment the existing copper plant is still used to

deliver service to the actual customer.

FTTN (Fiber to the Neighborhood) & FTTC (Fiber to the

Cabinet) generally fall under the FTTC category. Both services
are in deployment and in use, a perfect example is a
DLC/NGDLC (Digital Loop Carrier) which some of us get our
phone service from.
A direct fiber from the CO (Central Office) is terminated at the
DLC/NGDLC and then service is delivered to the customers
residence via the copper plant.

73
 3. FTTH scenario
FTTH scenario
SFU : Single family unit , providing a comparatively
small number of ports, including following types: POTS,
10/100/1000BASE-T, and RF.

FTTh ~ Fiber to the Home , is the complete

deployment of fiber to the customers home, with
replacement of there existing NID (Network Interface
Device).
This replacement device is called an ONT (Optical
Network Terminator).

74
 Strategic Drivers for FTTH
Multi Service Network - Service Convergence
Each Long distance (20 Km)
Only active components ate OLT and ONT
splitter Passive
Remote service provisioning
Future proof (almost infinite bandwidth)
Reduce operational costs
Fiber cost decreasing compared to copper

75
Basic Concepts of PON
 PON concept
Passive Optical Network Optical
Network Termination

PSTN
Passive Optical .. ..
Internet
Splitter
.
Optical Network
Optical Line Unit
Terminal
.. ..
IPTV

PON is short for Passive Optical Network ;

GPON architecture: Passive optical network featuring one-to-multiple-point;
Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
Optical Network Unit (ONU)
Optical Distribution Network (ODN).

77
 Why GPON?
<1Mbps 3M 8M 25M 2.5G

Access ADSL/ADSL2+ VDSL / ADSL2+ PON

Technology Copper Based Copper Based Fiber Based

Coverage ~20km
<3km <2km <1km
diameter

Internet VoD Live TV

Service HDTV VoD
Video conference
requirements Game HDTV
Remote control

2002 2003 2006 2010

Time

GPON supports : High-bandwidth up to 1.25Gbps/2.5Gbps

Long-reach up to 20km
Triple-play service
HDTV: 16-20M/program;
Data: 10M;
Video Conference: 4.5M
GPON is the choice of large carriers in the international market.

78
 Why PON?

Enormous information carrying capacity

Easily upgradeable
Ease of installation
Reduced O&M costs
Long distance reach
Secure
Immune to electromagnetic noise
Best suited for triple play services

79
 GPON Services

Business Services
E1/PRI
BRI
2G/3G
SIP/POTS etc
VPN & Ethernet Leased Lines/Internet Leased line

Residential Services
HSI (High Speed Internet) (Al Shamil)
IPTV
POTS

80
 Philosophy
Two types of FTTH networks exist today
Retail
Vast majority of FTTH builds today
Network owner sells services directly to subscribers
Follows traditional telecommunications and cable television
models
Wholesale
Market created by a few state laws
Network owner sells capacity to multiple providers who in turn
sells services to subscribers
Only examples in US today are some municipal FTTH
networks

81
 Technical considerations
Data
How much per home?
How well can you share the channel?
Security how do you protect the subscribers data?
What kind of QoS parameters do you specify?
Compatible business services?
SLAs
T1
Support for voice?
Support for video?
Broadcast
IPTV

82
 Technical considerations
Data
How much per home?
How well can you share the channel?
Security how do you protect the subscribers
data?
What kind of QoS parameters do you specify?

83
 Technical considerations - Speed

Data requirements
Competition: ADSL, cable modem ~0.5 to ~1.5 Mb/s
shared, asymmetrical
FTTH ~10 to 30 Mb/s non-shared or several 100 Mb/s
shared, symmetrical
SDTV video takes 2-4 Mb/s today at IP level
HDTV takes maybe 5 times STDV requirement
Pictures can run 1 MB compressed
5.1 channel streaming audio would run ~380 kb/s

84
 Technical considerations - Speed

Required Data Rate

FTTH

HDTV

DSL or cable
modem Streaming Picture in
SDTV
audio 15 seconds
VoIP

Service

85
 Technical considerations Speed (IPTV Reference)

Estimated minimum time to acquire Braveheart

August 17, 2001:
MGM, Paramount Pictures, Sony
Pictures, Warner Brothers, and
Technology Minutes Hours Days
Universal Studios unveiled plans
for a joint venture that would Modem 56
allow computer users to kb/s
2
download rental copies of feature
films over the Internet. ISDN 128
20
kb/s
December 9, 2002:
12
Hollywood's Latest Flop
Fortune Magazine DSL 1 Mb/s 2.5
The files are huge. At 952
Megabytes, Braveheart took just Cable 2.5
less than five hours to download 1
Mb/s
using our DSL Line at home in
the same time we could have 45
made 20 round trips to our
FTTH 0.4
neighborhood Blockbuster

86
PON Architecture Choices
 Architectural Choices
Selecting the Best of Multiple Choices
Active
Sometimes called Point-to-Point or P2P
Dedicated fiber and optics for each subscriber
PON
Uses passive optical splitters to serve many
subscribers from one optical unit
Comes in several formats:
GPON
BPON
EPON

88
 Connectors

Active Architecture (NID)

Central Switch

Drops

89
 Active Architecture
Benefits
Dedicated bandwidth per subscriber
Simple, point-to-point topology
Challenges
Cost: each subscriber requires a separate
pair of optical transmitters/receivers
Limited deployment options

90
 PON Architecture
Connectors
(NID)

Central Switch
Passive Optical Splitter

Drops

Feeder

91
 PON Architecture

Benefits
Low-cost for high total bandwidth:
matches video broadcast traffic patterns
Flexibility in outside plant topology
Challenges
More complex outside plant topology
Choices: APON, BPON, GPON, EPON?

92
 Considerations
A recent study found:
Top 5% of users consume 56% of total bandwidth
Top 20% of users consume 97% of total bandwidth
The study also reported bandwidth by application:
Peer-to-peer - 66%
Web surfing - 27%
E-Mail - 7%
Potential Conclusion:
Most users arent so bandwidth hungry or application-
sophisticated as pundits think

Source: Ellocoya Networks study, as reported by telephony.com

93
 The Answer is

The best choice for now and the future is:

GPON

94
 Types Of Splitting

95
 Types of Splitting

Centralized Splitting
Partially Distributed Splitting
Fully Distributed Splitting

96
 Architectural Models
Connectors
(NID)
Centralized Splitting

Splitters are here

Local Convergence Point NAP

(Splice)
Central Switch (Splice)

Feeder
Drops

Distribution

97
 Centralized Splitting
Target Applications:
High customer churn
Requirement for highly flexible connectivity
Homerun Consolidates all Splitting to the CO
Most Flexible Due to Central Splitting
Highest headend flexibility/scalability
Requires the Most Amount of Fiber
Most Expensive, Most Flexible

98
 Architectural Models
Connectors
(NID)

Partially Distributed Splitting

Local Convergence Point NAP

(Splitter)
Central Switch (Splice)

Feeder Drops

Distribution

Splitters are here

99
 Partially Distributed Splitting
Target Application:
Overbuild with anticipated customer churn, slower
build out, or lower-to-mid-level take rates
Consolidates Local Subscribers to Central
Splitter Cabinet for Adds & Drops
Reduces Feeder Fiber Needs
Heavy Fiber Usage in Distribution
Second Most Expensive Design

100
 Architectural Models Connectors
(NID)

Fully Distributed Splitting NAP

(1xn Split)
Splitters are here

Local Convergence Point

Central Switch (1xn Split)

Feeder Distribution Drops

(100% Take Rate)

101
 Fully Distributed Splitting

Target Application:
Higher Take Rates
Low Anticipated Customer Churn
Fiber Lean Distribution and Feeder
Least Expensive Up Front Cost
Headend Does Not Scale as Well as Previous
Architectures
Requires higher take rates to offset investment

102
 PON Architecture Summary

Architecture Type Cost Flexibility Application

Fully Distributed $ Least Higher Take Rates

Splitting Low Customer Turnover

Partially Distributed Mid Low to Mid Take Rates/Slow Build

Splitting
$ High Customer Turnover

Centralized Splitting Most High Customer Turnover

$ Need for High Flexibility
Cash to Burn

103
 The Optimum Optical/Copper Solution

The Ideal Platform Supports

GPON and Copper
Provides triple-play service delivery over both
Allows for a managed migration
This combined GPON and copper platform would:
Offer all the choices of different split architectures
Also add Really Fully Distributed option of putting
the OLT in the remote loop carrier

104
 Architectural Models
Connectors
Really Fully Distributed Splitting (NID)

NAPs
Splitters are here (1xn Split)

Fiber
Copper and Fiber Drops
loop carrier
Central Switch (1xn Split)

Feeder Distribution

Copper
Drops

Many OLTs share common

feeder transport fibers

105
 Operational Considerations.
Advantages of a Copper and Fiber Platform
Common Administration
Reduced Training Cost
Reduced Cost for Flow-through Provisioning
Reduced Sparing
Common Customer Service Experience
Triple play regardless of serving infrastructure
Orderly Network Migration
Paced by your depreciation schedules and
recovery issues, not service offerings

106
 PON Topologies
ONU1

ONU2
ONU1
ONU2 ONU3
OLT
ONU3
ONU4
OLT ONU4
ONU5
ONU5

(a) Tree topology (using 1:N splitter) (c) Ring topology (using 2x2 tap couplers)

ONU1
ONU1 ONU2 ONU2

ONU3
OLT OLT ONU4

ONU5 ONU3 ONU4 ONU5

(b) Bus topology (using 1:2 tap couplers) (d) Tree with redundant trunk (using 2:N splitter)

107
 System Architecture

108
 GPON ARCHITECTURE
OLT (Optical line Terminal)
Access Media
Optical Splitter
ONU (Optical Network Unit) / Residential
Gateway
ODN (Optical Distribution Network)

109
 Components of PON

110
 COMPONENTS
A PON consists of an Optical Line Terminal
(OLT) at the service provider's central office and
a number of Optical Network Units (ONUs) near
end users.
A PON configuration reduces the amount of
fiber and central office equipment required
compared with point to point architectures.

111
 OLT

The OLT provides the interface between the PON

and the service providers network services. These
typically include:
Internet Protocol (IP) traffic over Gigabit, 10G, or
100 Mbit/s Ethernet
Standard time division multiplexed (TDM) interfaces
such as SONET or SDH
ATM UNI at 155-622 Mbit/s

112
 OLT ~ Optical Line Terminal
OLT is the networks control card. This card
resides in the local CO (Central Office) cross
connected to the video and data networks that
will be delivered to your home, it consists of a
special DFB (Distributed Feedback) calibrated
laser that is always on.
This control card acts as a traffic signal to the
remote ONT's for complete data / video
throughput upstream and downstream.

113
 ONU
ONT is an ITU-T term, whereas ONU is an IEEE
term. In Multiple Tenant Units, the ONT may be
bridged to a customer premise device within the
individual dwelling unit using legacy
technologies such as Ethernet over twisted pair,
Ethernet over Coax, or DSL.
An ONT is a device that terminates the
PON and presents customer service
interfaces to the user.
Some ONUs implement a separate subscriber unit
to provide services such as telephony, Ethernet
data, or video.

114
 ONU ~ Optical Network Unit
ONU ~ Optical Network Unit , this is similar to
the SFU-ONT but for a MDU / MTU, or small
business.
It contains 12 - 24 POTS Lines, multiple
"Ethernet" or "VDSL" connections, and one /
two high-powered RG video outputs.
These ONT's come in two forms, a wall
mountable or rack-mountable unit, they are
typically installed in a stairwell area, or
basement next to the existing SAI for that floor

115
 ONT
The ONT terminates the PON and
presents the native service interfaces to
the user.
These services can include voice plain old
telephone service (POTS) or voice over IP
(VoIP)), data (typically Ethernet), video.

116
 ONT

117
 Functions of ONT

118
 Functions of ONT
Often, the ONT functions are separated into two
parts:
The ONU, which terminates the PON and presents a converged interface
such as xDSL, coax, or multiservice Ethernet toward the user.
Network termination equipment (NTE), which provides the separate, native
service interfaces directly to the user.
Note: This is the CPE (Customer Premise Equipment) endpoint of
the ODN. The ONT is an Optical to Electrical to Optical device ,
that delivers your triple play services. It will replace your existing
copper NID (Network Interface Device) , and coax connections. The
existing POTS / Coax inside wiring will be cross connected to the
ONT. Since we understand that a PON is completely passive the
endpoint must contain an AC voltage connection to perform the
Optical to Electrical conversions for your services.

119
 Fusion Splitter
1 x 4 Fusion Splitter

1310 nm Fiber
1490 nm
1550 nm

120
 Fusion Splitter
2 x 4 Fusion Splitter

Fiber
1310 nm
1490 nm
1550 nm

121
 Planar Splitter

1 x 8 Planar Splitter

122
 Planar Splitter

123
 BEAM SPLITTER
A beam splitter is an optical device that splits a
beam of light in two.

Schematic representation of a beam splitter cube

124
125
 (ADC) FDH Rear Panel

126
 FDH Splitter Cabinet
Core Component: Splitter Cabinet for 432 subscribers (13 Splitters), available also for 144 and 288

subscribers (pre-stubbed and pre-connectorized)

OptiTect Cabinet CouplerModules | Photo

CCO108

127
 Splitter Module

128
 1xN FTTH Splitters

1x16 slot 1x8 slot 1x2 slot

129
 FDH

130
 Corning OptiTect FDH Gen III - 432 &
288 Field Installation

131
 PON Splitter Cabinet Sizing
Sizes available: 32 Fiber (1 Splitter) to 864 Fiber
(Home Run and Centralized Local Distribution
Cabinet)
Sizing will be dependent on rural or urban
applications.
Specific cabinet sizing is trade off between size of
the distribution area and number of cabinets.
Rural areas: Serving areas tend to get too large
well before the ideal cabinet size is reached.
Urban areas: Due to the density, the number of
fibers can exceed the available cabinet sizes before
the serving areas become unmanageable.
132
 Outdoor Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH).

The outdoor (FDH) provides for

connections between fiber optic cables
and passive optical splitters in the OSP
environment.
The outdoor (FDH) utilize standard
SC/APC to interconnect feeder and
distribution cables via 1:32 optical splitters
and connectors.

133
 Indoor Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH)
The indoor FDH is designed to organize and administer
fiber optic cables and passive optical splitters in an
indoor environment typically suitable for high rise
buildings and is placed in the telecom room.
These FDH are used to interconnect main cable
(Feeder) and drop cable (2F) via optical splitters in a
FTTH network application.
No splices are allowed between the Telecom Room and
Flats.
Where the building has less than 32 customers, a wall
mounted splitter FDH (indoor type) is more suitable.
The unit will serves as a Mini ODF with splitter
assembly and facility to terminate drop cables.

134
 Distribution Cables & Drop Cables
From Outdoor FDH Cabinet location, distribution cable (loose tube)
sizes 24F, 16F and 8F combinations may be considered,
depending upon the grouping of villas/homes, number and
locations.
The drop closures to be installed inside joint boxes, close to group
of villas/homes or as per site requirements. These have single
entry on one side and 24+ outlets for drop cables.
The drop cables are 2F construction, it is recommended that both
the 2F are spliced through in the drop closure, so that the fibers are
through to the splitter location.
In the FDH Cabinet, only one fiber of 2F drop cable is required to
be terminated.
In the case of single villas, company shall extend and terminate the
drop cable in the micro ODF (Low Homes Areas).

135
 DROP CABLE
DROP CABLE ~ This cable is the final connection to
the customers ONT. This cable can be spliced from an
aerial / underground FDT. Most providers have moved
to a pre-terminated drop cable system, this saves cost
and installation time.
Drop Cable ~ This cable will enter the customers
apartment from the FDT that's usually located in a
closet, or stairwell in a high-rise building. In a small
garden-style MDU deployment your drop cable may
come from an FDT located on the outside of your
building, and routed through the roof breezeway into
your apartments designated closet.

136
 SFH (Single Family Home) - Corning OptiFit Drop Cable.
Corning OptiFit Drop Cable

137
 Corning SST-Drop Cable

138
 Corning OptiSheath Multi-Port Terminal FDT

139
 Pre-terminated drop cable system

140
 FDT ~ Fiber Distribution Terminal

FDT ~ Fiber Distribution Terminal , is

the cross connection splice-point between
the community serving FDH Distributing
Cable, and the Drop Cable to the
customers ONT.

141
 SFU (Single Family Unit)
The SFU ONT is primarily used in single
dwelling homes.
This ONT will replace your existing demarc that
currently delivers your home service.
This same unit (The 611i is the preferred
model for this deployment) can also be used
in MDU Garden Style installations.
In these MDU installations the SFU is preferred
so that the ONT can be placed directly in the
unit, with the responsibility and electric cost
passed to the customer.
142
 Tellabs 612 SFU ONT

143
 Motorola 1000v SFU ONT (Scroll over pic)

144
 (ADC) - FTTP Infrastructure

145
 (ADC) - FTTx Architecture

146
 (ADC) - FTTx MDU Architecture

147
 Corning PON Overview

148
 Tellabs PON Overview

149
 Ring Protection

150
 Verizon MDU - Garden Style
Installation

151
 Verizon MDU - Garden Style Installation

152
 Verizon MDU - Garden Style Installation

153
 Property Buried Distribution - FDH feed to FDT Installation
Pic1- Each property will have a main buried drop splice-point from the main FDH

servicing the property.

154
 Pic 2 - Each individual building will have a buried fiber pig-tail spliced into the main fiber

back to the FDH.

155
 Pic 3 - This fiber pig-tail is already pre-terminated to that new FDT, which will

usually be located next to existing OSP facilities.

156
 FDT - Exterior Molding Apartment
Pathway

157
 Each building FDT is capable of providing service to 24 apartments. As

service is activated each jumper is then connected to that unit.

158
 Aerial Feed / Distribution Splice Enclosures

159
 Aerial Premise Drop Enclosure / Aerial to Buried Distribution Pedestal

Enclosure

160
 Pic 1 - Open view of Aerial FDH 216 Pic 2 - Scroll over the enlarged pic ~
Pole Mount ADC FDH 216 w/ Aerial Feed & Distribution enclosure above.

161
 FTTH Planning-Outgoing FO Cable from CO.

The OSP fiber counts from the Central Office should be

of suitable size, to ensure meeting the future capacity
requirements.
The number of fibers in the OSP cable would more
likely end up being closer to 1 Fiber per 16 tenants.
Requirements of direct fibers for business
establishment should also to be considered, while sizing
the main cables.
Where the diversity is required for an important office,
Airport, Police, Hospital etc the fiber can be routed in
two different routes.
Fibers already laid for local network & CATV Network
can be considered while developing the GPON
Network.

162
 The Number of Splitters per (FDH)
Cabinet & Sizing of (Feeder) Cable.
Every splitter requires a single fiber from OLT.
The total number of splitter requirement per cabinet
shall be based on 5th year tenants forecasted.
25% spare fibers should be considered in the FO cable
size, for future requirements, maintenance, etc.
Number of Splitter per Cabinet=No of Tenants / Split
Ratio (1:32).
The provision of the number of fibers may equal to at
least 20 year tenants forecasted.
Feeder cable to be loose tube 8F/16F/24F.

163
 Optical Power Attenuation
Calculating optical splitter attenuation :

Insertion loss of the optical splitter (<1dB):

(Power_input) - (Power_output of all branches)

Input 1:2 optical splitter Output 10 log(0.5) = - 3.01

Attenuation of a 1:2 optical
splitter: 3.01 dB
Attenuation of a 1:16 optical
splitter: 12.04 dB
Attenuation of a 1:64 optical
2:N optical splitter splitter: 18.06 dB

164
 Fibre Attenuation and Power Budget
Fibre attenuation relates to the fibre length About 0.35 dB per km
for 1310,1490nm
The attenuation of fibre splicing point is

generally less than 0.2dB

Other factors may cause attenuation, such Huaweis OLT and ONU
28 dB (Class B+)
as fibre bending
Table G.984.2 Classes for optical path loss
Class A Class B Class B Class C

Minimum loss 5 dB 10 dB 13 dB 15 dB
Maximum loss 20 dB 25 dB 28 dB 30 dB
NOTE The requirements of a particular class may be more
stringent for one system type than for another, e.g. the class C
attenuation range is inherently more stringent for TCM systems
due to the use of a 1:2 splitter/combiner at each side of the ODN,
each having a loss of about 3 dB.

165
 Parameters of GPON (Class B+)
Items Unit Single
fibre
OLT: OLT
Mean launched power MIN dBm +1.5
Mean launched power MAX dBm 5
Minimum sensitivity dBm -28
Minimum overload dBm -8
ONU: ONU
Mean launched power MIN dBm 0.5
Mean launched power MAX dBm 5
Minimum sensitivity dBm -27
Minimum overload dBm -8

166