Universal Mobile Telecommunications

System(UMTS)
&
High Speed Packet Access(HSPA)
Introduction
A third generation wireless telecommunication system and follows in
the footsteps of GSM and GPRS.
UMTS combines the properties of the circuit-switched voice network
with the properties of the packet-switched data network.
Instead of FTDMA in GSM & GPRS,UMTS uses code division multiple
Access (CDMA) to handle several users simultaneously.
CDMA
All users communicate on the same carrier frequency and at the same
time.(i.e All users have access to the whole bandwidth for the entire
duration.)
Different CDMA codes are used to distinguish among the different
users.
A signal is generated which extends over a wide bandwidth.
 A code called spreading code is used to perform this action.
With such group of codes, which are orthogonal to each other, it is
possible to select a signal with a given code in the presence of many
other signals with different orthogonal codes.
CDMA In A Mathematical Point Of View
User data bits of individual users are first multiplied by a vector.
The resulting vectors are called Chips.
This process is known as spreading.
On the receiver side the multiplication can be reversed and deduced if
the sent bit represents a 0 or 1.
Example of using CDMA for simultaneous conversation between two users.
 UMTS Channel Structure On the Air Interface
Two types of data flows (planes) exist.
1. User Plane-data is directly and transparently exchanged between the users
of a connection like voice data or IP packets.
2. Control Plane-responsible for all signaling data that is exchanged between
the users and the network.

Figure:User and Control Planes

 Channels in UMTS
Both user plane data and control plane data is transferred over the UMTS
air interface in channels.
Three different kinds of channels exist:
Dedicated channels-transfer data for a single user.
Common channels-Data transferred in common channels is destined for all users of a
cell.
Shared channels: Very similar to common channels. These channels are not
monitored by all devices but only by those that have been instructed by the network
to do so.
To separate the physical properties of the air interface from the logical data
transmission, the UMTS design introduces three different channel layers.
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
Physical Channels
Figure: Logical, transport and physical channels in downlink direction

Figure:Logical, transport and physical channels in uplink direction

Logical Channels
used to separate different kinds of data flows that have to be transferred over the
air interface.
Contains no information on how the data is later transmitted over the air.
BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel)-
monitored by all mobile devices in Idle state to receive general system
information from the network.
Information distributed via this channel, for example, includes how the
network can be accessed, which codes are used by the neighboring cells, the
Cell-ID.
PCCH (Paging Control Channel)-
used to inform users of incoming calls or SMS messages.
also used for packet-switched calls if new data arrives from the network once
all physical resources (channels) for a subscriber have been released owing to
along period of inactivity.
CCCH (Common Control Channel)-
used for all messages from and to individual mobile devices (bidirectional) that
want to establish a new connection with the network.
DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)-
DCCH only transports data fora single subscriber.
DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)-
used for user data transfer between the network and a single user.
Transport Channel
prepare downlink data frames for transmission over the air interface by
splitting them up into smaller parts, so that are more suitable for
transmission over the air interface.
Logical channels are mapped to the following transport channels:
BCCH-BCH (Broadcast Channel)
DTCH&DCCH-DCH (Dedicated Channel)
PCCH-PCH (Paging Channel)
CCCH-RACH (Random Access Channel)
Physical Channels
responsible for offering a physical transmission medium for one or more
transport channels.
responsible for channel coding, that is, the addition of redundancy and error
detection bits to the data stream.
Summarization of Channel Types and Tasks
Logical Channels: Describes different flows of information like user data and
signaling data. Contain no information about the characteristics of the
transmission channel.
Transport Channels: Prepare data packets that are received from logical
channels for transmission over the air interface. D]Defines which channel
coding schemes (e.g. error correction methods) are to be applied on the
physical layer.
Physical Channels: Describes how data from transport channels is sent over
the air interface and apply channel coding and decoding to the incoming
data streams.
HSPA(High Speed Packet Access)
A combination of 2 technologies.
HSDPA for downlink direction.
HSUPA for uplink direction.
Speeder than existing 3G-UMTS/W-CDMA.
HSPDA
Combines concepts of dedicated and shared channels.
In the downlink direction for user data several HS-PDSCH(high speed physical
downlink shred channels) are used.
These can be shared between several users.
Thereby it is possible to increase the no of simultaneous users or increases the
speed for a single user by building several HS-PDSCH where each uses a different
code(increased bandwidth for a single user).
Modulation scheme-16 QAM.
HSDPA channel overview in downlink direction
HSDPA channel overview in uplink direction
 Shorter time delays(round time delays).
HARQ(Hybrid Automatic Retransmission request)-
Implemented on Node-Bs.
Reduces the overall delays due to the need of previous error detection and retransmission
mechanisms.