FLOWERING PLANTS
ROOT
Primary root
Secondary root ,teritiary root- tap root
Fibrous root-primary root is short lived and replaced by large number
of roots-originate from the base of the stem. Wheat
Adventitious roots-roots arise from the parts of the plant other than
the radicle eg banyan, grass,monster
Functions of roots-absorption,anchorage,storing,synthesis of plant
growth regulators
REGIONS OF ROOT
Root cap-protects and makes the way through the soil
Region of meristematic activity-small,thin walled,dense protoplasm
,divide repeatedly
Region of elongation-rapid elongation and
enlargement ,growth of theroot in length.
Region of maturation-cells differentiate and
mature,presence of root hairs
MODIFICATIONS OF ROOT
STORAGE ROOTS-carrot,turnip,sweet potato get swollen and store
food
PROP ROOTS/MODIFIED ADVENTITIOUS ROOT-hanging structures in
banyan tree,support
STILT ROOTS-maize and sugarcane-supporting root from lower nodes
of stem
PNEUMATOPHORES-Rhizophora-roots come out of the ground and
grow vertically upwards-help to get oxygen for respiration-small pores
present for gaseous exchange.
STEM
Plumule of the embryo
Nodes-the region of the stem where leaves are born
Internodes-the region between two nodes
Buds-axillary or terminal
Functions-conduction,storage,support,protection.vegetative
propagation
MODIFICATION OF STEM
STORAGE STEMS-Potato,ginger,turmeric,colocasia.they also act as organs of perennation(to tide
over unfavourable conditions)
TENDRILS-develop from axillary buds,slender,coiled,help to climb
Eg.cucumber,pumpkin,watermelon,grapevines
THORNS-modified axillary bud,protection,citrus,bougainvillea
PHYLLOCLADE-flattened (opuntia) or fleshy cylindrical(Euphorbia) modified stem. They contain
chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis.
RUNNER-grass ans strawberry-spread to new niches and when older parts die new plants are
formed.
STOLON-mint and jasmine-lateral branch arise from the base of the main branch arch
downwards and touch the ground.
OFFSET-a lateral branch with short internodes and each node bearing a rosette of leaves and tuft
of roots- pistia and Eichhornia
SUCKERS-banana and pineapple-lateral branch originate from the underground portion of the
main stem,grow horizontally and then come out obliquely upward giving rise to leafy shoots
LEAF
Originate from shoot apical meristem.
Arranged in acropetal position-youngest at the apex
LEAF BASE-part attached to the stem and bear leaf like stipules .In
monocots leaf base cover the stem partially or wholly. In legumes it
become swollen and is called the pulvinus
PETIOLE-hold the leaf blade,cooling the leaf,bringing the fresh air to
leaf surface
LAMINA/LEAF BLADE-green expanded part with veins and
veinlets,midrib-prominent vein.veins provide rigidity to the leaf blade
and act as channels for transport of water ,food and minerals.
VENATION-ARRANGEMENT OF VEINS IN THE
LAMINA
PARALLEL-
RETICULATE
TYPES OF LEAVES
SIMPLE-lamina is entire or incised ,
the incisions do not touch the midrib
COMPOUND-when the incisions of the lamina reach upto the midrib
braking it into number of leaflets,
PINNATELY COMPOUND-number of leaflets are present on a common
axis,the rachis/midrib of the leaf eg.neem
PALMATELY COMPOUND-the leaflets are attached at a common
point,at the tip of the petiole eg silk cotton
PHYLLOTAXY-arrangement of leaves on
the stem
ALTERNATE-single leaf arises at each node in alternate
manner.eg.china rose,mustard,sunflower
OPPOSITE-a pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each
other eg.calotropis and guava plants
WHORLED-more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl
eg.Alstonia
MODIFICATIONS OF LEAF
TENDRILS-eg-peas
SPINES eg-cactus
STORAGE LEAVES eg.onion/garlic