Water Treatment

Plant

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 Why water treatment?
Raw water contains many dissolved minerals and
organic materials.
At high temperature certain minerals left scaling on the
tube metal of the boiler and cause permanent damage.
Some dissolved minerals leads to corrosion of tube
metals. Some leads to foaming
At high pressure and temperature an element, silica can
be carried away with steam causing damage to turbine
low pressure stage.
A Thermal Power Station needs water of varying quality
for different process and hence the requirement.
The performance and life expectancy of the station
greatly depends on water chemistry compliance.
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 Type of water treatment

the type of demineralization process chosen for a power

station depends on three main factors :
The quality of the raw water.
The degree of deionization i.e. treated water quality
Selectivity of resins.

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 Different water qualities in use at
NTPC-Stations
Condenser cooling..Raw water/ Clarified &
post-chlorinated water.
BA flushing Raw water.
Boiler feed water..Conditioned DM water.
ESP / Channel flushing..Raw/ Clarified water.
Other aux. cooling..Clarified water.
H2 generation plant..DM water.
Drinking water..Filtered & post-chlorinated
water.
DM plant operation..Filtered water.
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 nephelometry and turbidimetry

in analytical chemistry, methods for determining the amount of

cloudiness(muddiness), or turbidity, in a solution based upon
measurement of the effect of this turbidity upon the transmission and
scattering of light. Turbidity in a liquid is caused by the presence of finely
divided suspended particles. If a beam of light is passed through a turbid
sample, its intensity is reduced by scattering, and the quantity of light
scattered is dependent upon the concentration and size distribution of
the particles. In nephelometry the intensity of the scattered light is
measured, while, in turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through
the sample is measured. Nephelometric and turbidimetric
measurements are used in the determination of suspended material in
natural waters and in processing streams. The technique is also used for
determination of sulfur in coal, oil, and other organic materials; the sulfur
is precipitated as barium sulfate

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 Steps of treatment process
Aeration of raw water
Adding chemicals for bacteria removal
Adding chemicals for sedimentation of
suspended particles
Flocculation
Filtration
Ion Exchange process
water treatment process is generally made up of
two sections :
Pretreatment section
Demineralization section
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 Aeration
Aeration is a physical treatment process used for
taste and odour control and for removal of
dissolved iron and manganese. It consists of
spraying water into the air or cascading it
downward through stacks of perforated trays.
Dissolved gases that cause tastes and odours are
transferred from the water to the air. Oxygen from
the air, meanwhile, reacts with any iron and
manganese in the water, forming a precipitate that
is removed by sedimentation and filtration.
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 What is pre treatment process?
Pretreatment plant removes the suspended solids
The coarse components, such as sand, silt etc, can be
removed from the water by simple sedimentation
the non-separable solids (colloids) will not settle in any
reasonable time and must be floculated to produce the
large particles which are settle able.
Flocculation is obtained by gentle and prolonged mixing
which converts the submicroscopic coagulated particle
into discrete, visible & suspended particles.
This operation is done by flash mixer in the
clarifloculator.
Proper pre treatment reduce loading on anion and cation
exchanger.
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 Flocculation
in physical chemistry, separation of solid particles from a
liquid to form loose aggregations or soft flakes. These
flocculates are easily disrupted, being held together only by
a force analogous to the surface tension of a liquid. In
industrial processes, flocculation may be a desired or an
undesirable phenomenon, and various methods may be
used to cause or eliminate flocculates. Formation of
flocculates is important in the operation of water supplies
and sewage systems.

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 Raw water to Clarified water
Aerator
Raw water bay

RW make up
pumps

Clarified Clariflocculator Cl2 dosing

water Pershall
flume
Lime dosing

Alum dosing

Flash
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 A view of Clari-flocculator

Flocculation zone

Clarification zone
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 Motion of water in a Clari-flocculator

Clarification zone Flocculation zone

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 Clarified water to Filtered water
GF Bed
Clarified water Sand filters

FW DW
sump sump

Clari-flocculator
Cl2 Post-
chlorination
DW
Cl2 House FW pumps
pumps

Filtered water

To Township for
DM water
DM PLANT drinking water
for Plant
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purpose Turbidity & Free Cl2 check
 Demineralization
plant

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FW water Demineralization Plant
ACF WAC SAC

Degasser

WBA SBA MB

CST

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 Activated carbon Filter (ACF)
Activated carbon acts on principle of adsorption which is a
surface active phenomenon
It removes residual turbidity (<2 NTU) of water to its 1/10
level.
It removes organic molecules to control colour and odour.
It removes free residual chlorine present in filtered water(0.5
ppm Nil)

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 Ion exchange resin & its
functional group
An ion exchange resin consists of a cross-linked polymer
matrix (poly-styrene cross linked with 5-8% di-vinyl
benzene for srtuctural stability) to which charged
functional groups are attached.
Common functional groups are : -SO3-H+ (SAC), -COO-
H+ (WAC), -NR4+OH- (SBA) and NR2 (WBA).

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 Exchange Reactions

CATION RESIN:

2R-H + Na2CO3 2R-Na+H2CO3

ANION RESIN:

2R-OH + H2SO4 2R-SO4+2H2O

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 Working of WAC ion exchange
resins
WAC resin is capable to exchange cations of alkalinity
producing salts only ie, for carbonate hardness removal
purpose.
2 R-COOH + Ca(HCO3)2 (RCOO)2Ca2+ 2 H2CO3
WAC resin can exchange ions only in neutral to alkaline
pH range.
WAC results efficient TDS reduction in high carbonate
hardness water.
Efficient regeneration takes place even with very dilute
acid solution.
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 Working of SAC ion exchange
resins

SAC resin works over wide pH range & is capable to

exchange any type of cations present in salts as
sulphonic acid group is strongly acidic.
2 R-SO3-H+ + CaCl2 (RSO3)2Ca2+ 2 (H+ + Cl- )

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 Working of Degasser

Water from the ex-cation contains carbonic acid which is

very weak acid and difficult to be removed by strongly
basic anion resin and causing hindrance to remove silicate
ions from the bed.
The ex-cation water is trickled in fine streams from top of a
tall tower packed with rasching rings, and compressed air
is passed from the bottom
Carbonic acid break into CO^ and water. carbon dioxide
escapes into the atmosphere. Water is pumped back to
anion exchanger bed

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 Working of WBA resins

WBA resin works over acidic pH range only & is capable

to trap any strong type acid molecules present in cation
effluent, through protonation of secondary / tertiary
amine centre, as the amine group is weakly basic in
nature.
-NR2 + HCl -NR2H+Cl-
WBA can be regenerated easily with very dilute alkali
(NaOH) solution

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 Working of SBA ion exchange
resins

SBA resin works over wide pH range & is capable to

exchange any type of anions present in water as
quarternary ammonium group is strongly basic.
2 -NR3+OH- + SiO32- (-NR3+)2SiO32- + 2 OH-

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 Working of Mixed bed

ex-anion water is fed to the mixed bed exchanger

containing both cationic resin and anionic resin.
This bed not only takes care of sodium slip from cation but
also silica slip from anion exchanger very effectively
The final output from the mixed bed is an extira-ordinarily
pure water having less than 0.2/Mho conductivity, H 7.0
and silica content less than 0.02 ppm.

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 Internal Treatment

D.M.Water has a good affinity to absorb carbon dioxide

and oxygen, and both are extremely harmful to metal
surfaces for their destruction like corrosion,
water is finally de-oxidized by a suitable doze of hydrazine,
at the point after deaerator.
The pH of feed water is maintained at around 9.0

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 Regeneration of ion exchanger
During water treatment any deviation from the
specified quality in the output means that the resins
in mixed bed became exhausted and need
regeneration.
regeneration of the mixed bed first calls for suitable
back washing and settling, so that the two types of
resins are separated from each other.

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 Regeneration of resin bed

ACF is regenerated by backwashing the bed with

air-water.

WAC and SAC are regenerated by counter

current regeneration with 4% Hydrochloric Acid
with a down flow of DM water.

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 WBA and SBA are regenerated by counter current
regeneration with 4% caustic with a down flow of DM
water.

Resins of MB is first separated by air scouring.

Individual resins are regenerated by acid and alkali

respectively.

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 Regeneration of ion exchanger
After regeneration, the effluent comes out from the
system is treated in a neutralizing pit for
discharging through normal drain.

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 THANK YOU

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