Juliet I.

Villaruel
 What is Hormone?
Hormone, (from Greek , "impetus"),
chemical that transfers information and
instructions between cells in animals and
plants.
Functions in the regulation of physiological
activities and in maintaining homeostasis.
Hormones were first identified in 1902 by
British physiologists William Bayliss and
Ernest Starling.
 Hormones as Signals
Hormonal signaling involves the following:
Biosynthesis of a particular hormone in a
particular tissue
Storage and secretion of the hormone
Transport of the hormone to the target cell(s)
Recognition of the hormone by an associated cell
membrane or intracellular receptor protein
Relay and amplification of the received hormonal
signal via a signal transduction process:
Degradation of the hormone.
 Where and How are Hormones
Produced?
The majority of hormones are produced
by the glands of the endocrine system,
such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal
glands, and the ovaries or testes.
Hormones can be transmitted two ways:
Endocrine Secretion
Paracrine Signalling
 Endocrine Secretion
The classical view of hormones is that they
are transmitted to their targets in the
bloodstream after discharge from the
glands that secrete them.
This mode of discharge (directly
into the bloodstream) is called
endocrine secretion.
 Paracrine Signaling
Exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are
secreted directly into a duct, and, from the
duct, they flow either into the bloodstream
or from cell to cell by diffusion in a
process known as paracrine signaling.
 Interactions with Receptors
For many hormones, including
most protein hormones, the receptor is
membrane-associated and embedded in
the plasma membrane at the surface of the
cell.
For hormones such
as steroid or thyroid hormones, their
receptors are located intracellularly within
the cytoplasm of their target cell.
Classification of Hormones
Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones
 Peptide Hormones
Include the hormones produced by the
anterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
placenta, and pancreas. When they are called
into action, these peptides are broken down
into biologically active hormones and
secreted into the blood to be circulated
throughout the body.
They can be stored in the cell, and they
circulate freely in the blood stream.
They are secreted out of a cell into the blood
by exocytosis.
 Steroid Hormones
Include those hormones secreted by the
adrenal glands and ovaries or testes. Steroid
hormones are synthesized from cholesterol (a
fatty substance produced by the body) and
modified by a series of chemical reactions to
form a hormone ready for immediate action.
It can diffuse very easily across
cell membranes, which has an important
effect on how steroid hormones are
managed.
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 Pineal Gland
Hormone Secreted: Melatonin
Target Tissue: Unclear, although possible
target sites are pigment cells and sex
organ
Function: May affect skin
pigmentation; may regulate
biorhythms (awake/sleep
patterns) and prevent jet lag.
 Hypothalamus Gland
Hormone Secreted: neurohormones
Function: link the nervous system to
the endocrine system via the pituitary
gland (hypophysis). stimulate or inhibit
the secretion of pituitary hormones. The
hypothalamus controls body
temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep,
and circadian cycles.
 Pituitary Gland (Anterior)
Hormone Target Gland Function
Triggers secretion of
Adrenocorticotropic Adrenal cortex hydrocortisone from the
adrenal gland

Growth hormone Throughout body Stimulates growth and

development
Follicle-stimulating Stimulates female egg
hormone maturation and male
/ Gonadotropin sperm production
Sex glands
Stimulates female
Luteinizing hormone
ovulation and male
secretion of testosterone
Stimulates milk
Prolactin
Mammary glands production in the breasts
after childbirth
Melanocyte-stimulating Melanin-producing cells Controls skin
hormone pigmentation
 Pituitary Gland (Posterior)
Hormone Target Gland Function
Regulates water
Antidiuretic hormone Kidneys retention and blood
pressure
Uterus
Triggers contraction of
the uterus during labor
Oxytocin
Stimulates milk letdown
Mammary Glands for breast-feeding after
childbirth
 Thyroid Gland
Hormone Target Gland Function
Calcitonin Bones Controls the level of
calcium in the blood by
depositing it in the bones
Thyroid hormone Throughout the body Increases the body's
metabolic rate; promotes
normal growth and
development
 Parathyroid Gland
Hormone Secreted: Parathyroid hormone
Target Tissue: Bones, intestines, and
kidneys
Function: Regulates calcium level in blood
 Thymus Gland
Hormone Secreted: Thymosin
Target Tissue: White blood cells
Function: Promotes the growth and
development of white blood cells, helping
the body fight infection
Located anterior and
superior to the heart
 Adrenal Gland
Hormone Target Gland Function
Aldosterone Kidneys Regulates sodium and
potassium levels in the
blood to control blood
pressure

Hydrocortisone Throughout the body Plays key role in stress

response; increases blood
glucose levels and
mobilizes fat stores;
reduces inflammatation
Epinephrine Increases blood pressure,
heart and metabolic rate,
and blood sugar levels;
Muscles and blood dilates blood vessels. Also
vessels released during exercise

Norepinephrine Increases blood pressure

and heart rate; constricts
blood vessels
 Pancreas
Hormone Target Gland Function
Glucagon Liver Stimulates the
breakdown of glycogen
(stored carbohydrate)
into glucose (blood
sugar); regulates glucose
blood level
Insulin Throughout the body Regulates blood glucose
levels; increases storage
of glycogen; facilitates
glucose intake by body
cells
 Ovaries
Hormone Target Gland Function
Estrogen Female Reproductive Causes sexual
system development and
growth; maintains
proper functioning of
female reproductive
system
Progesterone Mammary Glands Prepares uterus for
pregnancy
 Testes
Hormone Secreted: Testosterone
Target Tissue: Throughout the body
Function: Causes sexual development and
growth spurt; maintains proper
functioning of male reproductive system
 Kidney
Hormone Secreted: Erythropoietin
Target Tissue: Bone Marrow
Function: Produces red blood cells
 Androgens
Say the word androgen and
most people think male.
Indeed, they are dubbed the
male hormones mainly
because males make and use
more testosterone and other
androgens than females.
These steroid hormones
confer masculinity by
triggering and controlling
body programs that govern
male sexual development
and physique. In females,
androgens play more subtle
roles.
 Corticoids
Corticoid hormones
balance stress response,
energy flow, body
temperature, water
balance, and other
essential processes. Two
groups, the
glucocorticoids and the
mineralocorticoids,
chemically control some
of the most basic actions
necessary to protect,
nourish, and maintain the
body. The gender-neutral
corticoids guide these
life-sustaining functions
in both males and
females.
 Progestins
Progestin hormones prepare, sustain,
and build. With them, pregnancy,
some behaviors, and sex hormones
endure. Indeed, progestins are
nicknamed the pregnancy hormones
because they prep for and maintain
the body during pregnancy. Their
essential role in egg and sperm
maturation, sexual receptiveness, and
estrogen production are lesser
known. Not surprisingly, females
make and use more progestins than
males.
 Thyroid
Thyroid hormones support nearly every
body system. In humans and other
backboned animals, the iodine-containing
hormones guarantee proper development
of the brain, skeleton, and organs. Yet, too
much or too little derails the body's
delicate balance causing goiter and other
health troubles. These distinct regulators
work alone or in cooperation with other
hormones to generate energy, control cell
oxygen use, and moderate many other life
processes in both males and females.
Two most active thyroid hormones,
triiodothyronine (T3) (above) and
thyroxine (T4) (below), contain iodine
atoms typical of the thyroid hormones.
Hormones
1. These are chemicals that transfers information and
instructions between cells.
a. Enzymes b. Hormones c. Lipids
2. Hormones were first identified in 1902 by____.
a. Watson and Crick
b. Fischer and Koshland
c. Bayliss and Starling
3. How is Endocrine Secretion transmit hormones?
a. by diffusion
b. by bloodstream
c. by injection
4. What is the process involved when peptide
hormones are secreted out of a cell?
a. endocytosis b. exocytosis c. pinocytosis
5. It is known as the master gland.
a. Pituitary Gland b. Hypothalamus c. Pineal
6. How many glands are included in the endocrine system?
a. 9 b. 10 c. 11
7. The hormone that affects the skin pigmentation.
a. adrenalin
b. melanin
c. melatonin
8. The steroid hormones are synthesized from ___.
a. Fats b. Glucose c. Cholesterol
9. It is the process wherein hormones are secreted through
diffusion.
a. Endocrine Secretion
b. Paracrine Signalling
c. Endocytosis
10. In steroid hormones, the hormones enter the cell by ___.
a. Osmosis
b. vesicle formation
c. directly into the cell membrane