NATURE OF MATTER

STRUCTURE OF MATERIAL
CAN BE DISCUSSED ON:

Microscopic level - consider arrangement

of atoms and bonding patterns
Macroscopic level - consider large
assemblages of atoms and molecules
 MICROSCOPIC LEVEL

Forces of attraction between atoms and

molecules may be either strong
(primary) or weak (secondary).
Nature depends energy and locations of
electrons with respect to ion cores.
 INTERATOMIC OR
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Primary bonds
Secondary bonds
PRIMARY BONDS
(strong)

Ionic
Covalent
Metallic
 IONIC

Transfer of electrons, electrostatic

attraction of positive and negative ions.
Strong bonds.
 IONIC BOND

Li F
 COVALENT

Sharing of outer shell electrons

COVALENT BOND

Shared electrons
 METALLIC BONDS

Primary bonds
Electron cloud (free electrons)
 METALLIC

Each atom contributes electrons to

form electron cloud
 METALLIC BOND

Electron
Metal ion
cloud

All atoms share all valence electrons

 SECONDARY BONDS
(Weak)

Van der Waals (fluctuating dipoles)

Permanent dipole
DIPOLES
 van der WAALS

Polarization of electrically neutral

atoms or molecules. Position of
electrons constantly changes
(fluctuating dipole).
 PERMANENT DIPOLE

Polarization of electrically neutral atoms or

molecules. Position of electron asymmetry
remains constant.
 STATE OF MATTER
Depends on proximity and motion of atoms
or molecules

Gas - scattered and in rapid motion

Liquid - close and in random motion
Solid - close association, small vibrations
about relatively fixed locations
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS

Crystalline
Noncrystalline (amorphous)
CRYSTALLINE

Long range order

 CRYSTAL LATTICE

Ordered arrangement of atoms in space

LONG-RANGE ORDER
 AMORPHOUS

No long range order

May have short range order
CROSS-LINKED POLYMER
 PROPERTIES

Crystalline - directional properties

Amorphous - non-directional
properties
 TWO FORMS
(porcelain)

Amorphous Crystalline
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
 PHASE

Homogeneous
Specific chemical composition
Physically distinct
 NATURE OF COMPSITE
MATERIAL

Material consisting of more than

one phase
Constituent phases very dissimilar
Characteristics different than
constituents
 INTERFACE

Boundary between phases

Important with respect to mechanical
properties
DENTAL COMPOSITES

Cement
Amalgam
Composite resin
Impression material
IMPRESSION SEQUENCE

Impression material

ORIGINAL
in mouth

NEGATIVE REPLICA
dental stone
 COLLOIDS

Multi-phase materials with one

phase having particle size a little
larger than molecular size
(1 - 500 nm)
1 nanometer (nm) = 10-9 m
 HYDROCOLLOID

Colloid with water as dispersion medium

 HYDROCOLLOID
may exist as:

Sol - viscous liquid of colloidal particles

in water
Gel - jellylike semi-solid formed by
aggregating colloidal particles into fibrils
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
HYDROCOLLOIDS

Syneresis - formation of liquid exudate

Imbibition - uptake of liquid
 HYDROCOLLOID
IMPRESSION MATERIALS
 REVERSIBLE
HYDROCOLLOID

Transforms from sol to gel by cooling,

from gel to sol by heating
REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID
(physical condition)

SOL secondary molecular bonds GEL

 REVERSIBLE
HYDROCOLLOID
 TEMPERING
(before insertion into mouth)
 IRREVERSIBLE
HYDROCOLLOID

Transforms from sol to gel by

chemical reaction
IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID
(chemical reaction)

primary valence
SOL GEL
bonds
 IRREVERSIBLE
HYDROCOLLOID IMPRESSION

Mixing alginate
Final impression
 COMPOSITE RESINS
FILLER TYPES

Alert Solitaire Surefil

BIOMECHANICS
 BIOMECHANICS

Application of mechanics (motion of

bodies) to biologic systems
 BIOMECHANICS

External effects of applied forces

Stress analysis - internal effects
of applied force
Mechanical properties
Fluid mechanics
Heat transfer
 PRINCIPLES OF
STRESS ANALYSIS
THEORETICAL TECHNIQUES

Mathematical
Finite element analysis
FEA APPLICATIONS
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Strain gages
Moire fringe
Holography
Photoelasticity
PHOTOELASTICITY
 POLARISCOPE

Arrangement of filters to reveal

photoelastic effect
PLANE POLARISCOPE

LS - light source D - Diffuser

M - Model P - Polarizer
PHOTOELASTIC COLOR SEQUENCE
WITH INCREASING STRESS

Increasing stress
3
Fringe orders

0 Zero
PHOTOELASTICITY
ADVANTAGES

Whole field observation

Structures of complicated shape
Complex loading conditions
 DISADVANTAGES

Modeling technique -
impossible to model perfectly
 INTERPRETATION OF
PHOTOELASTIC PATTERNS

More lines - higher stress

Closer lines - more concentrated
stress
Number of fringes proportional to
applied loads
BEARING, CONTACT
 GEOMETRIC
DISCONTINUITY
MODULUS MISMATCH
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS

Bearing - contact
Geometric discontinuity
Modulus mismatch
 SIGNIFICANCE OF
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS

Potential for structural failure

Stimulus for biological changes
PHOTOELASTIC-BIOLOGIC
CORRELATION
DISTALIZATION OF CAT CANINE

Applied force direction

MESIAL APEX

Applied force direction

DISTAL CREST

Applied force direction

PHOTOELASTICITY
A PREDICTOR