Magnetism

Alternating-Current Circuits
 AlternatingCurrentGenerators
AcoilofareaAandNturnsrotatingwithconstantangularvelocityinauniform
magneticfieldproducesasinusoidalemf

Alternatingcurrentmotor
Insteadofmechanicallyrotating,wecanapplyanacpotentialdifference
generatedbyotheracgeneratortothecoil.Thisproducesanaccurrentinthe
coil,andthemagneticfieldexertsforcesonthewiresproducingatorquethat
rotatesthecoil.
Themagneticfield.
Magneticforcesonmovingcharges.
Magneticforcesonacurrentelement
Torquesoncurrentloopsandmagnets
TheMagneticField
Magnets

TheEarthisanaturalmagnetwith
magneticpolesnearthenorthand
southgeographicpoles.
 TheMagneticField

Magnets Doesanisolatedmagnetic
poleexist?
TheSIunitsofmagnetic
fieldisthetesla[T]
Earthmagneticfieldis
about104T
Powerfullaboratories
producefieldsof12Tasa
maximum
1Gauss[G]=104Tesla[T]
TheMagneticField
 TheMagneticField.Magneticforceonamovingcharge

AprotonismovinginaregionofcrossedfieldsE=
2x105N/CandB=3000G,asshowninthefigure.
(a)Whatisthespeedoftheprotonifitisnot
deflected.(b)Iftheelectricfieldisdisconnected,
drawthepathoftheproton
 TheMagneticField.Magneticforceonacurrentelement

Inthecaseofastraightsegment
oflengthL
 TheMagneticField.TorquesonCurrentloopsand
Magnets
B
Acurrentcarryingloop
experiencesnonetforceina
uniformmagneticfield,butitdoes
experienceatorquethattendsto
twisttheloop

Acircularloopofradius2cmhas10turnsofwireandcarriesacurrentof3A.The
axisoftheloopmakesanangleof30withamagneticfieldof8000G.Findthe
magnitudeofthetorqueontheloop.
SourcesofMagneticField
TheMagneticFieldofMovingCharges
TheMagneticFieldofCurrents.TheBiot
SavartLaw
TheMagneticFieldDuetoaCurrentloop
 SourcesofMagneticField

MovingPointChargesarethesourceofMagneticField
SourcesofMagneticField

Asolenoid
Asolenoidisawiretightly
woundedintoahelixof
closelyspaceturns.A
solenoidisusedtoproducea
strong,uniformmagnetic
fieldintheregionsurrounded
bytheloops

Inthisfigure,thelengthisten
timeslongerthantheradius
Foralong
solenoid Findthemagneticfieldatthecenterofa
n=N/L;Nnumberofturns; solenoidof600turns,length20cm;
L:lengthofsolenoid radius1.4cmthatcarriesacurrentof4A
 SourcesofMagneticField:Solenoidandmagnets

Left:Magneticfieldlinesofasolenoid;rightMagneticfieldlinesofabarmagnet
MagneticInduction
MagneticFlux
InducedEMFandFaradaysLaw
LenzsLaw
 MAGNETICINDUCTION
In1830,MichelFaradayinEnglandandJosephHenryintheUSA
independentlydiscoveredthatinachangingmagneticfield,achanging
magneticfluxthroughasurfaceboundedbyastationaryloopofwireinduces
acurrentinthewire:emfinducedandinducedcurrent.Thisprocessis
knownasinduction.
Inastaticmagneticfield,achangingmagneticfluxthroughasurfacebounded
byamovingloopofwireinducesanemfinthewire:motionalemf

Magneticfluxthroughasurfaceboundedbyaloopofwire.

TheSIunitformagneticfluxis
weber[Wb]1Wb=1Tm2 Findthemagneticfluxthrougha40cmlong
solenoidwitha2.5cmradiusand600turns
carryingacurrentof7.5A.
MAGNETICINDUCTION

Theinducedemfisinsuchdirectionasto
oppose,ortendtooppose,thechangethat
producesit.LenzsLaw
MAGNETICINDUCTION

Thecoilwithmanyturnsofwiregives
alargefluxforagivencurrentinthe
circuit.Thus,whenthecurrent
changes,thereisalargeemfinduced
inthecoilopposingthechange.This
selfinducedemfiscalledabackemf
 EddyCurrents

Heatproducedbyeddycurrentsconstituteapowerlossina
transformer.Buteddycurrentshavesomepracticalapplications:
dampingmechanicaloscillations,magneticbrakingsystem
 Inductance
Selfinductance TheSIunitof
inductanceis
thehenry[H]

1H=1Wb/A=1T.m2.A1

Findtheselfinductanceofasolenoidoflength10cm,
area5cm2,and100turns
MagneticEnergy
 AlternatingCurrentGenerators
AcoilofareaAandNturnsrotatingwithconstantangularvelocityinauniform
magneticfieldproducesasinusoidalemf

Alternatingcurrentmotor
Insteadofmechanicallyrotating,wecanapplyanacpotentialdifference
generatedbyotheracgeneratortothecoil.Thisproducesanaccurrentinthe
coil,andthemagneticfieldexertsforcesonthewiresproducingatorquethat
rotaesthecoil.
 AlternatingCurrentGenerators
AcoilofareaAandNturnsrotatingwithconstantangularvelocityinauniform
magneticfieldproducesasinusoidalemf

m NBA cos and t

m NBA cos( t )
dm
NBA sin( t )
dt
peak sin( t )
frequency f ; 2 f
 AlternatingCurrentCircuits:
AlternatingcurrentinaResistor
InductorsinAlternatingCurrents
CapacitorsinAlternatingCurrents
 AlternatingcurrentsinaResistor

Potentialdropacrosstheresistor,VR VR max cos t VR , peak cos t

CurrentintheresistorI VR , peak VR , peak
Powerdissipatedintheresistor,P I cos t I peak
Averagepowerdissipatedinthe R R
resistorPaverage

P I 2 R I peak
2
cos 2 (t ) R
Pav ( I 2 ) av R ( I peak
2
cos 2 ( t )) av R
RootMeanSquareValues
 InductorsinAlternatingCurrentCircuits

Thepotentialdropacrosstheinductor
ledthecurrent90(outofphase)

dI
VL L max cos t VL , peak cos t
dt
dI VL , peak VL , peak VL , peak
cos t I sin t cos( t )
dt L L L 2
INDUCTIVE I peak VL , peak ; I rms
VL , rms
REACTANCE L L
Instantaneouspowerdeliveredbytheemftotheinductorisnotzero
Theaveragepowerdeliveredbytheemftotheinductoriszero.
 InductorsinAlternatingCurrentCircuits

Thepotentialdropacrossa40mH
inductorissinusoidalwithapeak
potentialdropof120V.Findthe
inductivereactanceandthepeakcurrent
whenthefrequencyis(a)60Hz,and
(b)2000Hz

VL , peak VL , rms
I peak ; I rms
L L

INDUCTIVE
REACTANCE
Instantaneouspowerdeliveredbytheemftotheinductorisnotzero
Theaveragepowerdeliveredbytheemftotheinductoriszero.
 CapacitorsinAlternatingCurrentCircuits
The
potential
droplags
the
current
by90

Q
VC max cos t VC , peak cos t
C
Q CVC , peak cos t
dQ VC , peak
I CVC , peak sin t I cos( t )
dt 1 2
C

VC , peak VC , rms
CAPACITIVE I peak ; I rms
1 1
REACTANCE C C

Powerdeliveredbytheemfinthecapacitor:Instantaneousandaverage
DrivenRLCCircuits
SeriesRLCcircuit
TheKirchhoffsrulesgovern
thebehaviorofpotential
dropsandcurrentacrossthe
circuit.
(a)Whenanyclosedloopis
traversed,thealgebraicsum
ofthechangesofpotential
mustequalzero(loopsrule)
(b)Atanyjunction(branch
point)inacircuitwherethe
currentcanbedivided,the
sumofthecurrentsintothe
junctionmustequalthesum
ofthecurrentsoutofthe
junction(junctionrule)
SeriesRLCcircuits

dI Q dQ
Vapp, peak cos t L IR ; I
dt C dt
d 2Q dQ Q
L R Vapp , peak cos t
dt dt C
I I peak cos(t )
 PowerdeliveredtotheseriesRLCcircuit

P I peak cos t I peak cos( t )
2
1 Powerfactor:
P av peak I peak cos rms I rms cos
2 cos
P RI 2 dissipated in the resistor
R
Pav RI rms
2
Vapp
2
, rms
Z2
as R / Z cos and I peak Vapp , peak / Z
1
P Vapp , peak I peak cos Vapp ,rms I rms cos
2
SeriesRLCcircuits
AseriesRLCcircuitwithL=2H,C=2F
andR=20isdrivenbyanidealgenerator
withapeakemfof100Vandafrequencyof
60Hz,find(a)thecurrentpeak(b)thephase
(c)thepowerfactor,(d)theaveragepower
delivered;(e)thepeakpotentialdropacross
eachelement
 Phasors
Potentialdropacrossaresistorcanbe
representedbyavectorVR,whichiscalleda
phasor.Then,thepotentialdropacrossthe
resistorIR,isthexcomponentofvectorVR,

dI Q
Potentialdropacrossa Vapp cos t L IR
dt C
seriesRLCcircuit
 Inthecircuitshowninthefigure,the
acgeneratorproducesanrmsvoltage
of115Vwhenoperatedat60Hz.(a)
Whatisthermscurrentinthecircuit
(b)Whatisthepowerdeliveredby
theacgenerator(c)Whatistherms
voltageacross:pointsAB;points
BC;pointsCD;pointsAC;points
BD?.

Acertainelectricaldevicedraws10Armsandhasanaveragepowerof720W
whenconnectedtoa120Vrms60Hzpowerline.(a)Whatistheimpedance
ofthedevice?(b)Whatseriescombinationofresistanceandreactanceisthis
deviceequivalentto?(c)Ifthecurrentleadstheemf,isthereactanceinductive
orcapacitive?
 TheTransformer Atransformerisadevicetoraiseorlower
thevoltageinacircuitwithoutan
appreciablelossofpower.Powerlosses
arisefromJouleheatinginthesmall
resistancesinbothcoils,orincurrents
loops(eddycurrents)withintheironcore.
Anidealtransformeristhatinwhichthese
lossesdonotoccur,100%efficiency.
Actualtransformersreach9095%
efficiency
Becauseoftheironcore,thereisalarge Secondarycoilopencircuit
magneticfluxthrougheachcoil,evenwhen Thepotentialdropacrossthe
themagnetizingcurrentImintheprimary primarycoilis dturn
circuitisverysmall. V1 N1 dt
Theprimarycircuitconsistsofanac
generatorandapureinductance(weconsider Ifthereisnofluxleakageoutoftheiron
anegligibleresistanceforthecoil).Thenthe core,thefluxthrougheachturnisthe
averagepowerdissipatedintheprimarycoil sameforbothcoils,andthen
iszero.Why?:Themagnetizingcurrentin N2
dturn
theprimarycoilandthevoltagedropacross V2 N 2 dt V2 V1
theprimarycoilareoutofphaseby90 N1
TheTransformer AresistanceR,loadresistance,inthe
secondarycircuit
AcurrentI2willbeinthesecondarycoil,whichis
inphasewiththepotentialdropV2acrossthe
resistance.Thiscurrentsetsupandadditionalflux
turnthrougheachturn,whichisproportionalto
N2I2.Thisfluxopposestheoriginalfluxsetsup
bytheoriginalmagnetizingcurrentIminthe
primary.
However,thepotentialdropintheprimaryisdeterminedbythegeneratoremf
Accordingtothis,thetotalfluxintheironcoremustbethesameas
whenthereisnoloadinthesecondary.Theprimarycoilthusdrawsanadditionalcurrent
I1tomaintaintheoriginalfluxturn.Thefluxthrougheachturnproducedbythis
additionalcurrentisproportionaltoN1I1.Sincethisfluxequalsturn,theadditional
currentI1intheprimaryisrelatedtothecurrentI2inthesecondaryby

N1 I 1 N 2 I 2
Thesecurentsare180outofphaseandproducecounteractingfluxes.SinceI2isin
phasewithV2,theadditionalcurrentI1isinphasewiththepotentialdropacrossthe
primary.Then,iftherearenolosses
V1,rms I1,rms V2,rms I 2,rms