• Cost-efficient
• Good performance
• Modern communications capability
• Member of the Universal Relay (UR) family
• Easy integration with other URs
• Common configuration tool for all B90 IEDs
• Proven algorithms (B30) and hardware (UR)
• Expandable
• Two levels of scalability (modules and IEDs)
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Industrial Systems
GE offer Approach
PVD • High-impedance / linear couplers
SPD
– non-configurable busbars
– cheap relay, expensive primary equipment
Any • Blocking schemes for simple busbars
BUS • Analog low / medium - impedance schemes
B30 • Digital relays for small busbars
• Digital relays for large busbars
B90 N
• Phase-segregated cost-efficient
E digital relays
for large busbars W
!
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
• Reliability
• Security:
– Immunity to CT saturation
– Immunity to wrong input information
• Large number of inputs and outputs required:
– AC inputs (tens or hundreds)
– Trip rated output contacts (tens or hundreds)
– Other output contacts (tens)
– Digital Inputs (hundreds)
• Large processing power required to handle al the data
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Industrial Systems
52 52 52 52 52 52
CU CU
copper
copper
f ib e r
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• Potentially faster
n
• Slower
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Industrial Systems
Phase A • Foundation:
iA, vA TRIPA
Protection – Single-phase IEDs for primary
differential protection
iB, vB
Phase B TRIPB – Separate IEDs for Breaker
Protection Failure and extra I/Os
– Inter-IED communications for
iC, vC
Phase C TRIPC sharing digital states
Protection
– Scalability and flexibility
Breaker
Failure
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Industrial Systems
B90 Capacity
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Industrial Systems
io l
• Communication, metering and recording
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Industrial Systems
B90 Applications
• Busbars:
– Single
– Breaker-and-a-half
– Double
– Triple
– With and without transfer bus
• Networks:
– Solidly grounded
– Lightly grounded (via resistor)
– Ungrounded
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
B90
B90 Architecture
UR #1 Ph
DSP
DSP
DSP
I/O
I/O
I/O
• No A/C data traffic
• No need for sampling
synchronization, phase A currents & voltages
COMMS
•
CPU
Data traffic reduced to I/Os
DSP
DSP
DSP
I/O
I/O
I/O
PS
• Direct I/Os (similar to existing
CPU
UR Remote I/Os) used for phase B currents & voltages
exchange of binary data phase B trip contacts
PS
• Oscillography capabilities
multiplied (available in each UR #3 Phase C Protection
IED separately)
COMMS
CPU
DSP
DSP
DSP
I/O
I/O
I/O
PS
• Programmable logic
(FlexLogic) capabilities
multiplied phase C currents & voltages
• Extra URs in a loop for more UR #4 Bus Replica & Breaker Fail
I/Os
COMMS
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CPU
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
PS
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Industrial Systems
8 AC single-phase inputs
8 AC single-phase inputs
voltages)
Comms
DSP 1
DSP 2
DSP 3
CPU
I/O
I/O
I/O
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B90
B90is
isbuilt
builton
onUR
URhardware
hardware(4
(4years
yearsof
offield
fieldexperience)
experience)
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Industrial Systems
Comms
CPU
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
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n
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B90
B90is
isbuilt
builton
onUR
URhardware
hardware(4
(4years
yearsof
offield
fieldexperience)
experience)
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Industrial Systems
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monitoring and BF
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
B90 Communications
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Industrial Systems
ZONE 1
7 to 24 feeders
1 2 3 23 24
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
Basic: 87 & BF
for less than 16
feeders
23 24
Extended: BF for more
than 16 feeders
1 2 3 21 22
Full version: 24 Feeders
with BF.
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Industrial Systems
ZONE 1
7 to 24 feeders
1 3 21 23
2 4 22 24
ZONE 2
ZONE 2
ZONE 1 23 24
7 to 24 feeders
1 2 11 12 13 22
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Industrial Systems
8 phase-C currents
8 phase-B currents
8 phase-A currents
One
OneB90
B90IEDIEDwith
with33zones
zones
could protect a single
could protect a single
8-circuit
8-circuitbusbar!
busbar!
Power Supply
DSP 1
DSP 2
DSP 3
Spare
CPU
I/O
I/O
I/O
Diff Zone 2
Diff Zone 1
Diff Zone 3
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Two
Two levels
levelsof
ofscalability
scalabilityallow
allow flexible
flexible applications
Ve ter
applications
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Industrial Systems
Two
TwoB90
B90IEDs
IEDswith
with22zones
4 phase-C currents
4 phase-B currents
zones
8 phase-C currents
8 phase-B currents
4 phase-A currents
8 phase-A currents
Power Supply
DSP 1
DSP 2
DSP 3
DSP 1
DSP 2
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
CPU
CPU
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
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n
Two
Two levels
levelsof
ofscalability
scalabilityallow
allow flexible
flexible applications
Ve ter
applications
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Industrial Systems
8 phase-C currents
8 phase-C currents
8 phase-B currents
8 phase-A currents
8 phase-B currents
8 phase-A currents
16..24-circuit
16..24-circuitbusbar!
busbar!
Power Supply
Power Supply
Power Supply
DSP 1
DSP 2
DSP 1
DSP 2
DSP 1
DSP 2
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
Spare
CPU
CPU
CPU
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
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n
Two
Two levels
levelsof
ofscalability
scalabilityallow
allow flexible
flexible applications
Ve ter
applications
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Industrial Systems
IA IB IC l ts
au
alf
rn
te
ex
n
3I0 cko
o
Bl
Ground
B90
B90can
canbe
beapplied
appliedto
tosolidly
solidlyand
andlightly
lightlygrounded
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grounded
n
Ve ter
as
aswell
wellas
asungrounded
ungroundedsystems
systems
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
B90 Algorithms
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Industrial Systems
External
fault: ideal
CTs
t2
t0 r e s t r a in in g
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Industrial Systems
External fault:
CT ratio
t2 mismatch
t0 r e s t r a in in g
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Industrial Systems
t2
differential
External
fault: CT
saturation
t1
t0 r e s t r a in in g
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Industrial Systems
Differential Protection
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
iR = ( i1 + i2 + i3 + ... + in )
1
“scaled sum of”
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Industrial Systems
Restraining Current
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
|I D |
O PER A TE
differential H IG H
SLO PE
BLO C K
LO W
SLOPE IR
P IC K U P
r e s t r a in in g
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LOW BPNT
HIGH BPNT
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Industrial Systems
• large currents
• quick saturation possible due to
large magnitude
R e g io n 2
• saturation easier to detect
( h ig h d if f e r e n t ia l
c u rre n ts ) • security required only if saturation
detected
differential
• low currents
R e g io n 1
( lo w d if f e r e n t ia l • saturation possible due to dc offset
c u rre n ts ) • saturation very difficult to detect
• more security required
r e s t r a in in g
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Industrial Systems
Adaptive Logic
DIF1
AND
DIR TRIP
OR
SAT OR
DIF2 AND
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Industrial Systems
Adaptive Approach
Dynamic 2-out-of-2,
1-out-of-2 operating
R e g io n 2
mode
( h ig h d if f e r e n t ia l
c u rre n ts )
differential
R e g io n 1
( lo w d if f e r e n t ia l
c u rre n ts ) 2-out-of-2
operating
mode
r e s t r a in in g
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Industrial Systems
Directional Principle
DIF1
AND
DIR TRIP
OR
SAT OR
DIF2 AND
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Industrial Systems
Directional Principle
• External faults:
– one current approximately out of phase
Secondary current of
the faulted circuit
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(deep CT saturation)
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Industrial Systems
Directional Principle
• Implementation:
– step 1: select fault “contributors”
• A “contributor”is a circuit carrying significant amount of current
• A circuit is a contributor if its current is above higher break
point
• A circuit is a contributor if its current is above a certain portion
of the restraining current
– step 2: check angle between each contributor and the sum of all
the other currents
• Sum of all the other currents is the inverted contributor if the
fault is external; on external faults one obtains an angle of 180
degrees
– step 3: compare the maximum angle to the threshold
• A threshold is a factory constant of 90 degrees
• An angle shift of more than 90 degrees due to CT saturation is
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Industrial Systems
External Fault
E x te r n a l F a u lt C o n d itio n s
Ip
imag
ID − I p O PERATE
BLOCK
Ip
ID - Ip real
Ip ID − I p
BLOCK
O PERATE
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Industrial Systems
Internal Fault
In te r n a l F a u lt C o n d itio n s
Ip
imag
ID − I p OPERATE
BLO CK
Ip
ID - Ip real
ID − I p
Ip
BLO CK
OPERATE
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Industrial Systems
Saturation Detector
DIF1
AND
DIR TRIP
OR
SAT OR
DIF2 AND
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Industrial Systems
t1
t0 r e s t r a in in g
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Industrial Systems
NORMAL
SAT := 0
The differential
current below the saturation
first slope for condition
certain period of
time EXTERNAL
FAULT
SAT := 1
The differential-
The differential restraining trajectory
characteristic out of the differential
entered characteristic for
certain period of time
EXTERNAL
FAULT & CT
SATURATION
SAT := 1
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Industrial Systems
Saturation Detector
• Operation:
– The SAT flag WILL NOT be set during internal faults
whether or not any CTs saturate
– The SAT flag WILL be SET during external faults
whether or not any CTs saturate
– By design the SAT flag is NOT used to block the
relay but to switch to 2-out-of-2 operating principle
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Industrial Systems
200
150
100 ~1 m s
Examples – External Fault 50
current, A
0
-5 0
-1 0 0
-1 5 0
-2 0 0
0 .0 6 0 .0 7 0 .0 8 0 .0 9 0 .1 0 .1 1 0 .1 2
tim e , s e c
T h e b u s d if fe r e n t ia l T h e C T s a tu r a t io n f la g
p r o te c tio n e le m e n t is s e t s a f e ly b e fo r e th e
p ic k s u p d u e to h e a v y p ic k u p f la g
C T s a tu r a tio n
D e s p ite h e a v y C T
s a tu r a t io n th e
e x te r n a l f a u lt c u r r e n t
is s e e n in th e
o p p o s it e d ir e c t io n
T h e e le m e n t
The
io l
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does not
d ir e c t io n a l f la g
n
m a lo p e ra te
Ve ter
is n o t s e t
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Industrial Systems
T h e b u s d if fe r e n t ia l
p r o te c tio n e le m e n t
p ic k s u p
T h e s a t u r a tio n
f la g is n o t s e t - n o
d ir e c tio n a l
d e c is io n r e q u ir e d
A ll t h e f a u lt c u r r e n ts
a re s e e n in o n e
d ir e c tio n
The
T h e e le m e n t d ir e c tio n a l
o p e r a t e s in fla g is s e t
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10m s
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
On Off OPEN No No
ISOLATOR 1 OPEN
ISOLATOR 1 CLOSED
ISOLATOR 1 POSITION
alarm
ISOLATOR 1 ALARM acknowledged
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alarm acknowledging
ISOLATOR 1 RESET signal
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Industrial Systems
Iso
it ion lato
rP
s
r Po osi
olato tion
Is Phase A AC signals wired
here, bus replica configured
here
io l
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wired here; Isolator Monitoring
n
Ve ter
function configured here
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Industrial Systems
Z1 TB Z2
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Industrial Systems
Z1 TB Z2
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Industrial Systems
expand
• Sequence of events:
– Z1 trips and the TB gets opened
– After a time delay the current from the CT shall be
removed from Z2 calculations
– As a result Z2 gets extended up to the opened TB
– The Fault becomes internal for Z2
– Z2 trips finally clearing the fault
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Industrial Systems
CB
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Industrial Systems
CT
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Industrial Systems
CT
• but….
• A blind spot created by contracting the bus differential zone
• End Fault Protection required – B90 provides one EFP element per
current input
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Industrial Systems
SETTING
B90 FUNCTION:
Logic = 0
Protection = 1
SETTING
EFP 1 FUNCTION:
(2) Excessive current ….
Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1 AND
SETTING
EFP 1 BLO CK:
SE TTING
O ff = 0 (3) Causes the EFP
EFP 1 PICKUP:
to operate
RUN
SETTING
EFP 1 CT:
Current Magnitude, |I| | I | > PICK UP
SE TTING
SETTING EFP 1 PICKUP DELA Y:
EFP 1 MANUAL CLO SE: FLE XLO G IC OPERANDS
tPKP
AND
O ff = 0 E FP 1 OP
0
SETTING S E FP 1 DP O
SETTING EFP 1 BRK DELAY: E FP PKP
EFP 1 BREAKE R O PEN:
tPKP
O ff = 0
0
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(1) The EFP gets armed
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Ve ter
after the breaker is open
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Industrial Systems
• BF Architecture:
– Current supervision residing on “protection” IEDs
– BFI signal can be generated internally (from protection IEDs)
or externally via communications or a digital input from any
IED
– BF logic and timers residing on the “logic” IED
– Trip contacts distributed freely between various IEDs
• BF Performance:
– Reset time of current sensors below 0.7 power system cycle
– Communications delays around 0.2 power system cycle
between any two neighboring IEDs
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Industrial Systems
Cu
s rr ent
ta t u
S ta
entS tus
rr
Cu Phase A AC signals wired
here, current status
monitored here
io l
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configured here
n
Ve ter
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Industrial Systems
BF
I niti
te ate
t i a
Ini
BF Phase A AC signals wired
here, current status
monitored here
io l
rs n a
configured here
n
Ve ter
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Industrial Systems
Tri
p
a nd Co
mm
omm and
p C
Tri Phase A AC signals wired
here, current status Trip
Trip monitored here
io l
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and send to trip appropraite
n
Ve ter
breakers
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
Disturbance Recording
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Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
LATCH 0
60 F1-Z1-IN&
0
100 Z2-OUT
52b VO 4
ISO 2
ISO 3
F2-Z1-IN
ISO 3 VO 5
ISO 5
ISO 6
B
ISO 8 TRIP
PERM F3-Z1-IN
ISO 9
Z1/Z2 VO 6
VO 63 ISO 6
ISO 4
ISO 6 F4-Z1-IN
ISO 9 VO 7
ISO 7
A
ISO 9
F2-Z2-IN
ISO 2 VO 21
ISO 4
ISO 5 F3-Z2-IN
ISO 5 VO 22
ISO 7
F4-Z2-IN
ISO 8
ISO 8 VO 23
OPTION: ZONE 3 AS
ISO 1 TRANSFER BUS
F2-Z2-OUT ISO 2
ISO 3 VO 54
ISO 3 F2-Z3-IN
A VO 37
ISO 1
F3-Z3-IN
B ISO 4 VO 38
F2-Z1-OUT
ISO 1 VO 53
ISO 2 F4-Z3-IN
A ISO 7 VO 39
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Industrial Systems
B90 Summary
• Cost-efficient
• Good performance
• Modern communications capability
• Member of the Universal Relay (UR) family
• Easy integration with other URs
• Common configuration tool for all B90 IEDs
• Proven algorithms (B30) and hardware (UR)
• Expandable
• Two levels of scalability (modules and IEDs)
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Industrial Systems
B90 * * * * ** * * **
B90 Base system
S Single busbar
D Double busbar
X Special arrangement
C Cabinet supply
F Frame supply
H 125/250, AC/DC
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n
E With End Fault Protection
Ve ter
00 Sequential number
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Industrial Systems
How to Order
io l
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• Web: http://www.GEindustrial.com/pm
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