PRESENTED BY

HITESH KUMAR PRAJAPAT

15PDE5105
 What is shallow flow?
Shallow flow means low land river flow.
Flow regimes in Rivers, channels, estuaries, coastal
regions are the transient real world phenomenon of
shallow flow .
Ex:-Lets assume a bath tub having still water now
splash the water which generate Surface gravity waves
that propagate away from splash locations and reflect
off the bath tub walls . This is well known Shallow
flow of water.
Basically shallow flow means a flow in which
horizontal length scale is much greater than the
vertical length scale.
Procedure for solution of shallow water
flow
1. Derive for governing equations
2. Initial and boundary conditions
3. Finite element formulation
i. Continuity equation
ii. Momentum equation in X and Y direction
4. Time and Domain discretization
5. Derivation of element equations
6. Solution of equations
7. Post computation of the solution
Governing equations
Shallow water equations(also called saint venant
equations) are a set of hyperbolic partial differential
equations are used as governing diff. equations.
These equations describe the flow below a pressure
surface in a fluid flow
Derivation of these equations are based on the
i. Mass conservation
ii. Newtons second low of motion (Applied on fluid
element)
iii. Integration of Navier stokes equation
Governing equations
CONTINUITY EQUATION:-

MOMENTUM EQUATION IN X- DIRECTION:-

MOMENTUM EQUATION IN Y- DIRECTION:-

Initial and Boundary conditions

Z=H-h; H=total depth=h+;U=velocity in x-direction ;

V=velocity in Y-direction ;=surface elevation ; f=
Coriolis parameter=2sin ;=angular velocity of
earth ; =degree of altitude.
Simplest initial condition is that the fluid is at rest
with a horizontal water level.
Cont.
Surface and bottom conditions comes in two kind:-
I. water particles do not cross either boundary i.e
stream lines do not cross each other
Means normal velocity component vanishes,
Mathematically

II. At the bottom one can assume that viscous fluid

sticks to that bottom.
U=V=zero NO SLIP CONDITION
Cont

At the free surface, continuity of stresses is assumed

,that is the stresses in fluid just below the free surface
are assumed to be the same as those in air just above.
that means surface tension is not taken into account
Finite element formulation
This study on FEM based simulation is related to
Galerkins method.
Neglecting the eddy viscosity terms and spatial
variations of atmospheric pressure and wind frictional
effect . The governing equations are considered as
shallow water equations. Here the unknown variables
are :-
Cont..
In this study three nodes triangular elements are used to
represent the domain
Variation of quantity can be expressed in matrix form
H=[N]{H} ; U=[N]{U}
V=[N]{V} ; h=[N]{h}

Governing equation L() is approximated

If method weighted residual is called Galerkins

weighted residual method, i.e.

This method will be applied to the continuity equation,

momentum equations.
Continuity Equation
Momentum equation in x direction
Momentum equation in y direction
TIME DOMAIN DISCRETIZATION
AND ELEMENT EQUATION
The equation, generated from the finite element
formulation of continuity equation, momentum
equation in x- direction and momentum equation in
y-direction by taking a triangular element can be
written as

R is a function of variable U, V, H and spatial

coordinate, is unknown variable U, V, or H can be
written in finite difference form
 Continuity equation

This equation can be written as

 Momentum equation in x direction

This equation can be written as

 Momentum equation in y direction

This equation can be written as

SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND
POST COMPUTATION
Generally, explicit or implicit scheme is used for time
integration. In scheme, {R} is considered at time t. At
time t, U, V, and H are known. Thus values U, V, and H
can be computed explicitly.
To get good accuracy in solution time steps should be
very small in explicit mode

Weighted average of {R} is considered at time t and time

t+ , when an implicit scheme is used
 The global matrix for entire discretized domain can be
obtained as follows.
[A] {X} = {R}
Here, {x} is matrix or column vector consist of H, U, or V at
time instant t+ . On the other hand, coefficient matrix
[A] and column vector {R} are composed of values at time
instant t. Thus, H, U and V can be obtained at time step by
knowing values at t by using standard procedure such as
gauss elimination or iterative scheme.
CASE STUDY: OPEN RECTANGULAR
CHANNEL
Based upon the above formulation an implicit FEM
based model has been developed and is applied to a
straight simple channel as shown in figure7.1 .The
channel has a length of 871.65 km and width of 160
km. Here, the unknown are horizontal velocities
(U, V) and depth of water H.
FIELD DOMAIN DISCRETIZATION
Grid has 176 elements and 115 nodes. For simulation model is tested
with constant bathymetry of 9.1435 meter. A sinusoidal tidal forcing
function period of 12 hours and amplitude of 0.091435 m has been
applied to the opened end of the channel. Cold start (U=0, V=0. H=h)
is taken as initial condition. Normal flux to solid boundaries is taken as
zero. Coriolis Effect is neglected .Time step of =350 sec is used.
FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION WITH
ANSYS
Small oscillations are present in solution when compared
with analytical solution given by Gray and linch. Surface
elevation computed by FEM model compared with analytical
solution
results is shown
velocity computed by FEM model Compared with
analytical result
Basic steps in Ansys CFX/CFD 15.0:
1) Open launcher and type FlowCYL and pick run to start GUI give a
name to the file. Utility menu >change title
2) Preprocessor > Element types > Add/Edit/Delete
3) Preprocessor > Mat. prop > Constant-Isotropic SAVE_DB
4) Utility menu: Work plane >WP settings Toggle the plane By
Display working plane. W/P can be view by Plot ctrls tool.
5) Then create geometry by the help of modeling create tool
6) Main menu Preprocessor > Meshing mesh> Areas-Free>Pick
all
7) Apply B.C by following command: Solution>Loads apply>Flow
of fluid>on lines Pick the left vertical edge of rectangle.
8) Repeat the same for other line at end Utility menu> plotctrls>
symbols
9) Solve the problem main menu: solution> current L_S
10) Main menu: General post proc>Plot results>vector plot