. .

Standard for Infrared Inspection of

Electrical Systems & Rotating
Equipment.

Infraspection institute
Infrared inspection have to be performed by
Infrared camera with sensitivity better than
0,1C the spectral diapason 2-14 .
To reduce the influence of reflections each object
have to be inspected from 3 points
 Example of reflection.
130,0
C
117,1

104,2

91,4

Reflection Heat. 78,5

. 65,6

52,8

39,9

27,0
Reflections can create areas with non relevant indication of heating.
Making thermal pictures from different position can help to avoid such
false indications
 The view angle have to be not more than:
- 40 0 for metals;
- 60 0 for dielectrics;

Thermal camera screen

A

C
For example on shown bus bar on areas A and C inspection is
performed with view angle = 0, but on B area the view angle
about of 60. Inspection result will be unacceptable.
Wires which pass near transformers or other areas with strong
electromagnetic fields are can be heated.

This is real heat. So it is impossible to do any action to realize

that it is a false indication.
So we just have to remember that tits can happened .
-Each equipment has a heat inertia. It is incorrect to perform
inspection immediately after equipment is turned on.
-Joints and busbar on air has thermal inertia 15 -30 min.
-Oil filled equipment 24 -72 hours
-Before the inspection Infrared NDT inspector have to ask
equipment owner to ensure that power load level is sufficient,
request value of load.
-Measure ambient temperature (some acceptance criteria
require value of ambient temperature)
 8.6 Using inventory lists provided by the end user, the
thermograph shall inspect electrical components and/or rotating
equipment utilizing a thermal imager or imaging radiometer.
Inspection shall be conducted in a manner so as to ensure complete
coverage of all components.
8.7 Whenever possible, similar components under similar load
shall be compared to each other. Components exhibiting unusual
thermal patterns or operating temperatures shall be deemed as
exceptions and documented with a thermogram and visible light
image
Priority Delta T Action

4 1 to 10C Corrective measures should be taken at the

next maintenance period
3 10 to 20C Corrective measures required as
scheduling permits
2 20 to 40C Corrective measures required ASAP

1 >40C Corrective measures required immediately

 T criteria easiest use because we not need to measure
surrounding media temperature or take into account emissivity

T in this example equal 48,2 (hottest joint) 29.6 (coldest

joint) and equal 18,6 C. Priority 2
Prio Delta T Delta T Action
rity other comp
air
4 1 to 3C 1 to 10C Possible deficiency; warrants
investigation
3 4 to 15C 11 to 20C Indicates probable deficiency;
repair as time permits
2 ------------ 21 to 40C Monitor until corrective measures
can be accomplished
1 >15C >40C Major discrepancy; repair
immediately
 To use NETA criteria we need also to measure temperature of
surround air. And in this case we need to use emissivity.

Air temperature can

be measured as
temperature of not
heating construction
element (27,4 C).

After we adjust emissivity temperature changed. T comp is 51,3-

30,5 = 20,8 C T air is 51,3-27,4 = 23,9 C
 2
Ames
Tmax cor Trated rise Tamb
Arated

T max cor Maximal allowable temperature for current load.

A mes Value of load during measurement (amperes)
A rated Value load for what equipment designed (amperes)
T Reated-rise Maximal allowable temperature during work under
designed (maximal) load.
 Name T T rise T max
ambient
Bare conductor 55 25 80

Circuit breaker 40 40 80

T ambient the maximal T rising owner surround media

T rise the maximal T rising owner surround media.
T max maximal aloud temperature reguardless to other conditions
Lets analyze an example ambient temperature is T amb = 19,9
C0 Circuit breaker temperature is 33,4.

Circuit breaker
temperature is designed
for load equal Arated =
100 A but now it is
loaded only for
Ames=50 A amperes .
Allowable tempe-rature
rise at full load is T
0
rise = 40 C

Measured temperature is
33.4 C0 It is higher than
Tmaxcor so it is
exception
2
50
Tmax cor 40 19.9 29.9
100
T

35

29

A%
 Lets analyze the same example ambient temperature is T amb =
19,9 C0 Circuit breaker temperature is 33,4 but loaded up to 90 A

Circuit breaker
temperature is designed
for load equal Arated =
100 A, now it is loaded
only for Ames=90 A
amperes . Allowable
tempe-rature rise at
full load is T rise = 40
C0

Measured temperature is
33.4 C0 It is lower
Tmaxcor so it is normal
state
2
90
Tmax cor 40 19.9 52.3
100


 94,1
C
84,7

75,3

65,9

56,5

47,1

37,7

28,3

18,9
 Painted

Not painted
 55,2
C
52,1

48,9

45,7

42,6

39,4

36,2

33,1

29,9
-Transformers has high power
electromagnetic fields inside its
tank. The electromagnetic fields
in some pleases use metal of tank
as an magnetic conductor. It this
places metal start heating.
-Each transformer type has its
own thermal pattern
Inspection.

-The distance to transformer have to minimal fulfilling safety requirements.

-Infrared imaging performed frame by frame with frames overlap not less 10 %
-All tank surface area have to be recorded (include oil pumps).
-Grease, and other pollution have to be cleaned from transformers tank.
- Best time for inspection at night before sunrise. (light have to be switched of)

Minimal points of inspection number is 4. Depend on cooling system.

 Temperature distribution in transformer

Temperature distribution in healthy transformer shown on graph (yellow).

If temperature distribution like red graph it is signature of serious
imperfection
 Temperature distribution in damaged transformer

Local
overheat

On thermal picture it is clearly seen the area of local heating of transformer

tank. It is a mark of serious damage.
Temperature distribution in damaged transformer

Screw overheat.
Dangerous and can
lead to gasket
damage

Local overheat
 A) B) C) D)

Thermal picture of radiators

- A, D Serviceable
- B, C Not sufficient air flow
Oil pump Engines on transformer
Oil filters
 Oil filled inputs
-Heats in connection of bulbar and input;
Shortcuts inside inputs;
Heat of internal connection of inputs;
Low oil level;
Moisture in upper part of input.
 Oil Filled inputs
32,0
C Luck of oil
29,8

27,6

25,4

23,2

21,0

18,8

16,6

14,4

- 1 (2, 3)
A1 23,4 C .: 24,1 C .: 20,6 C .: 22,4 C
24 A
A3 22,1 C
C

A2 22,4 C 22

20

18

16
1
.: 104,17 . 0 20 40 60 80 100
76;33 70;137 .
 Over voltage protection unit
22,0
C
21,1

20,3

19,4

18,5

17,6

16,8

15,9

15,0
- 1
.: 21,5 C .: 18,2 C .: 19,3 C
22
C

20

18

16

0 50 100 150 200

.

-
Modern overcharge protection unit
30,0
C
27,1

24,3

21,4

18,5

Irregular heat of top and

15,6

12,8 bottom parts.

9,9

Heat inertia of overcharge

7,0

protectors 6-8 hours,

- 1 (2)
.: 27,7 C .: 18,6 C .: 21,8 C
27.5
C

25.0

22.5

20.0

17.5

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

.
High woltage cables input.

Cable not transponeded

during laying .
High voltage inputs.

Passing insulation fail.

 Measurement transformer fail

Deference in temperature more than 3 C0 is not

acceptable
Oil field disconnectors

Increased contact
resistance. Maximal
difference of
temperature cannot be
more than 3 C0.

On picture early stage

of exception
Oil field disconnectors

Extremely bad condition of

equipment because the
heating of tank is
ununiform
Bearings
 55,4
C
52,0

48,6

45,2

Engine Winding 41,8

38,4

35,0

31,6

28,2

NEC TH71XX
TH770113.SIT
320x240
25.02.2011
15:05:31.033
. 56,4C
. 32,4C
- 1,00
Engine collector
Engine collector