SPEECH CODING

SPEECH CODING
Speech coding is an application of data compression of digital audio signals
containing speech.
3 Mechanisms for minimizing channel errors
A rate convolutional code.
Transmitted data are interleaved for each speed coder frame over two time
slots to reduce the effects of Rayleigh fading.
A cyclic redundancy check is performed on the most significant bits of the
digitized speech data with USDC; 1) analog voice signals (input signal) are
sampled 2) the converted to a binary PCM in a special speech coder
(vocoder) called a vector sum exciter linear predictive (VSELP) coder.
 Motorola developed the VSELP algorithm, which was adopted for the IS-54 standard.
Error- detection and correction (EDC) bits are added to reduce the effects of the
interference bringing the final voice data to rate to 48.6 kbps.
Compression/Expansion and error-detection/correction functions are implemented in
the telephone handset by the digital signal processor (DSP).
VSELP Coders output 7950 bps and produce a speech frame every 20 ms, or

7950 20
= 159

Fifty speech frames are outputted each second containing 159 bits each second
containing 159 bits each , or

50 159
= 7950

The 159 bits are divided to two classes.
There are 77 class 1 bits and 82 class 2 bits.
Class 1 bits are most significant and therefore error
protected.
The less significant class 2 bits have no error
protection.
After coding the 159 bits, each speed code frame is
converted in a convolution code to 260 channel-
coded bits per frame and 50 frames are transmitted
each second so, from 7950 bps to 13 kbps:
260 50
= 13

 The fig shows the time slot and frame for the forward and reverse links of a USDC
digital voice channel.
USDC voice channels use frequency-division duplexing; thus forward and reverse
channel time slots operate on different frequencies at the time.
Each time slot carries interleaved digital voice data from the two adjacent frames
outputted from the speech coder.

323 6
= 48.6
40
 A third frame format, called a shortened burst is shown in
Figure 20-10.
The default delay between the receive and transmit
slots in mobile is 44 symbols, which results in maximum
distance at which a mobile station can operate in a cell
to 72 miles for an IS-54 cell.
USDC DIGITAL MODULATION
SCHEME
 To achieve 48.6 kbps in a 30 kHz Amps voice channel, bandwidth efficiency of 1.62
bps/Hz is required. (Bandwidth or spectral)
The spectral efficiency requirements can be met by using conventional pulse-
shaped, 4-phase modulation schemes such as QSK and OQPSK.
USDC voice and control channels use a symmetrical differential, phase-shift keying
technique known as /4 DQPSK, or /4 differential quadriphase shift keying (DQPSK).
A 48.6 kbps requires a baud rate of 24.3 kbps with 41.1523 s.
The bandwidth efficiency using /4 DQPSK is
48.6
=3 30
= 4.86

The four possible differential phase changes produce by a /4 DQPSK are /4,-/4,
3/4 and -3/4.
Using pulse shaping with /4 DQPSK allows for the simultaneous transmission of three
separate 48.6 kbps speech signals in a 30 kHz bandwidth.
USDC RADIATED POWER
 The NA-TDMA power classifications are listed in Table 20-4. The
highest power level is 4 W (36 dBm), and successive levels differ
by 4 dB, with the lowest level for classes I through III being 8 dBm
(6.6 mW). The lowest transmit power level for dual-mode mobile
units is -4 dBm (0.4 mW) 9 dB.
In dual-mode system, the three lowest power levels can be
assigned only to digital voice channels and digital control
channels.
INTERIM STANDARD 95
(IS-95)
INTERIM STANDARD 95
Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) was the first ever CDMA-based digital cellular technology.
It was developed by Qualcomm and later adopted as a standard by
the Telecommunications Industry Association in TIA/EIA/IS-95 release published in
1995.
The proprietary name for IS-95 is cdmaOne.
It is a 2G mobile telecommunications standard that uses CDMA, a multiple
access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data and signaling data (such as a
dialed telephone number) between mobile telephones and cell sites.
IS-95, like IS-54, was deigned to be compatible with existing analog cellular
telephone systems (AMPS) frequency band; therefore, mobile units and base station
can easily be designed for dual mode operation.
The IS-95 standard specifies the
following:
Modulation - digital OQPSK (uplink) and digital QPSK (downlink).
800-MHz band (IS-95A).
45-MHz forward and reverse separation
50-MHz spectral allocation
1900-MHz band (IS-95B)
90-MHz forward and reverse separation
120-MHz spectral allocation
2.46-MHz total bandwidth
1.23-MHz reverse CDMA channel bandwidth
1.23-MHz forward CDMA channel bandwidth
Direct-sequence CDMA accessing
8-kHz voice bandwidth
64 total channels per CDMA channel bandwidth
55 voice channels per CDMA channel bandwidth
CDMA
 CDMA
CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) is a channel access method used
by various radio communication technologies.
It is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a
single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth.
The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone
systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands.
CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in combination with
spread spectrum technology.
Offers several advantages over TDMA and FDMA because it allows users
to differentiate from one another by a unique code rather than a
frequency or time assignment.
Has increased capacity and improved performance and reliability.
Characteristics of CDMA
CDMA can effectively reject narrow band interference. Since narrow band
interference affects only a small portion of the spread spectrum signal, it can
easily be removed through notch filtering without much loss of information.
CDMA devices use a rake receiver, which exploits multipath delay components
to improve the performance of the system.
In a CDMA system, the same frequency can be used in every cell, because
channelization is done using the pseudo-random codes.
Reusing the same frequency in every cell eliminates the need for
frequency planning in a CDMA system.
CDMA systems use the soft hand off, which is undetectable and provides a more
reliable and higher quality signal.
General Specification of CDMA

Rx: 869-894MHz Tx: 824-849MHz

20 Channels spaced 1250kHz apart (798 users/channel)
QPSK/(Offset) OQPSK modulation scheme
1.2288Mbps bit rate
IS-95 standard
Operates at both 800 and 1900 MHz frequency bands
Advantages of CDMA techniques:

Efficient practical utilization of fixed frequency spectrum.

Flexible allocation of resources.
Many users of CDMA use the same frequency, TDD or FDD may be used.
Multipath fading may be substantially reduced because of large signal bandwidth.
No absolute limit on the number of users, Easy addition of more users.
Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent.
Better signal quality.
No sense of handoff when changing cells.
The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide.
CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as
a handset passes from one cell to another.
CDMA is compatible with other cellular technologies; this allows for nationwide
roaming.
Disadvantages to using CDMA

As the number of users increases, the overall quality of

service decreases.
Self-jamming.
Near- Far- problem arises.
Uses of CDMA
One of the early applications for code division multiplexing is
in GPS. This predates and is distinct from its use in mobile
phones.
The Qualcomm standard IS-95, marketed as cdmaOne.
The Qualcomm standard IS-2000, known as CDMA2000. This
standard is used by several mobile phone companies,
including the Globalstar satellite phone network.
The UMTS 3G mobile phone standard, which uses W-CDMA
CDMA has been used in the OmniTRACS satellite system for
transportation logistics.