Permukiman dan

Perkembangan Kota
Oleh:
Ema Umilia
16 Pebruari 2010
Pre-Urban Development
 Phase 1 Paleolithic Age 600,000-10,000 BC
(Savagery)
 A food and hunting economy
 Phase 2 Neolithic Age 10,000-3500 BC
(Barbarism)
 Cultivation of edible plants and domestication of
animal
 Phase 3 Bronze Age 3,500-1,000 BC
‘civilization’,
 Writing, recording, and social organisation
The Development of Pre-
historic settlement
 North East Africa: EGYPT (6000 BC)
 Temporary settlement of Nomads in upper Nile Valey
 Pre-Village Culture
 Developed village culture and proto- urban forms of settled
population
 Growth of small towns based on earlier villages in Nile Delta
and Upper Nile (eg.NAGADE, HIERAKONPOLIS) – guine
urban form: merchants, craftsmen and agricultural hinterland.
 First independent and spontaneous urban settlement of artisans
and merchants
 Pre-Dynastic Era: small town struggle from autonomy againts
kings and feudal
 Union into old Empire
 Earliest city dated from this time (3100 BC)
The Development of Pre-
historic settlement
 Ethyopia and the Sudan (3000-2000 B.C)
 Trace of pre-urban civilization (art form, stones)
found between Red Sea and Great Lakes to South;
but cannot determine a definite pre or protourban
development as in Egypt. Arabia and Southern Asia
may have influenced.
 Village culture exist until this period, when feudal
settlement of invading dynasties occur.
 Birth of city preceded here, as elsewhere by ‘Priest
town’ or holy town and rules’s settlement.
The Development of Pre-
historic settlement
 Mesopotamia (5000-3500 BC)
Man forced to cultivate fertile river strips. High turnover of
tribes pushing each other out of fertile areas. Exact location of
first villages unknown.
 Assyria: Hassuna : Jarmo : Halaf : (5000-4000 B.C)
regarded as the earliest settled placed in agricultural
Mesopotamia. Huts, tent, eventually villages.
 Region of River Delta (4400-3900 BC)
 Emergence of a new tribe of people.
 Villages; Tell el obeid-gawra
 Eridu-lagash
 Elam Region = susa (4000-3000 BC)
 In the plain at foot of persian high plateau.
The Development of Pre-
historic settlement
 The Levant (Asia-Afrika)
 Lebanon (Byblos) 4500-2700 B.C
4500 : layer 1: village of farmer and fisherman
3800 : layer 2: village; paved streets
3500 : layer 3: trade and craft flourish
3200 : layer 4: residential town without palace or
temple but with proper harbour, fortufied by strong
wall.
2900 : layer 5: city, palace and temple
2700 : layer 6: city, palace and temple.
 Origin and Evaluation of Cities (from village cultures),
(by: Gordon Childe)
 What distinguishes city from village?
1. Size
2. Social structure (specialists)
3. Concentration of social surplus
4. Existence of monumental public buildings
5. Presence of a ‘rulling class’
6. Existence of a system of writing and numeral notation
7. Development of exact and predictive science: Arithmatic,
Geomatry, Astronomy
8. Artistic expression
9. Tradlho dah bae – importation of raw material
10. Specialist craftmen belong politically and economically to the
city
Three Basic Human Needs

1. Need for spiritual orientation in an alien

world
2. Protection againts threats to life and
property
3. Social and economic needs
Process of urbanization
(being urban)
1. Precise centre of origin of cities
2. Character of earliest cities
3. Their Dating