zmzahid30@gmail.com National Officers Academy (NOA), Islamabad Recommended Books
(1) Globalization of World Politics: An introduction to
international relations John Baylis, Steve Smith, Patricia Owens
(2) International Relations 10th edition
Joshua S. Goldstein & John C. Pevehouse Introduction The definition and Scope of IR The Nation State System Evolution of International society IR analysis necessitates IR sense
Analysis of an event requires you to think in terms of
IR.
Like all other disciplines, it also has its own jargons
and principles.
It is an atheistic discipline with less regards to
morality. How does IR operate
Stay objective and analyse objectively. (Iran-Saudi)
It has certain levels of analysis; (1) Individual, (2)
IR connects the Past with present and predicts the
future. (Indo-Pak) History of IR and what is it all about? IR is relatively a new field of study whose origins - post-WWI era.
IR became an academic discipline in 1919 when
university of Aberystwyth established department of Int. Politics.
IR is the branch of Political Science.
Cont It is about methods and Frameworks for understanding the world.
Wars are the bread & butter of IR.
Also analyses inter and intra-state conflicts,
militancy, terrorism, violence, separatism etc. Restricted Definition of IR
Official relations among states,
Jeremy Bentham Comprehensive Definition:
IR encompasses much more than relations among
nation states and International organizations and groups. It includes variety of transnational relationships, at various levels, above and below the state level in the international system
Palmer and Perkins
Ingredients of IR; Political & social issues - terrorism & militancy. Economic organizations (World Bank, IMF, BRICS, ASEAN) National power & National Interest, Balance of Power, War and Diplomacy, Nuclear Proliferation & WMDs, Foreign policies, and many more. Scope of IR Few say, scope covers govt to govt relations - dealing with war and peace.
Others see IR as about cross-border relations of all kinds,
political, economic and social through institutions like UNO, SCO, ASEAN, ECO, EU etc.
In 21st century, few focus on globalized relationship
through Banks and MNCs. Fields IR deals with Politics, economics, Law, history, criminology, diplomacy, security, globalization, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, and human rights etc.
Why study IR?
First, It expands your understanding beyond domestic
horizon. Secondly, very few other subjects cover such a broad range of topics. Think Critically !
Why do we identify ourselves as Pakistanis, Indians,
Iranians, Afghanis, and Russians?
What is sovereignty?
Are all states equal?
If Yes, Why US and Russia seem to be intervening in
many parts of the world? Evolution of Nation State System
Nation A large body of people united by common
history, culture, identity, or language, inhabiting a particular state or territory.
State a sovereign political entity with a
governance system, territory, and its inhabitants. Nation State A nation state has defined territory with a sovereign government, with population sharing a common culture, history, and language.
Nation State System
A pattern of political life in which people are
separately organized into sovereign states and interact with one another. Modern Nation State System.
The nation-state is a recent phenomenon.
Where state is supposed to protect its citizens from
wars and economic threats.
For the protection of national interests these nation
States use methods like diplomacy and wars. Where has this come from? Evolution of Nation State System Cave era Individual society 2.5 million years ago, few says 10,000 years.
Groups life started near water concentrations
Tribes Social & physical needs grew
marriages and children etc.
Feudalism agrarian industry gave way to
feudalism. Rise of Nation State System
Prior to the 500s, nation-states did not exist in Europe.
People used to identify themselves with their region
or feudal lord.
Feudalism was a not only an economic system but
also was a political system. Crusade wars and decline of Feudalism After Crusades wars European soldiers returned home with tales of the wealthy Muslims.
This led to the development of trade routes b/w East &
West, later on towns and cities began to develop along these routes.
Over time, these towns started demanding
independence from local lords. Rise of the Modern Nation-State System
During 16th and 17th centuries Holy Catholic Church
was ruling the West.
But, few kings wanted to have control over religious
affairs to get absolute power.
In England, Henry VIII broke away from the Pope and
established an independent Protestant church in the 1530s. Thirty Years Sectarian War 1618-1648
The war involved almost entire Europe, including
Germany, Austria, Sweden, France, and Spain.
Catholics could not defeat Protestants.
The treaty that ended the war called the Treaty of
Westphalia 1648. Treaty of Westphalia stated;
sovereign ruler of a state has power over nation and
state, including religion.
Resultantly, England, France, Germany, and Spain
shook pope and became nation states. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
Treaty was meant to settle conflicts, especially
conflicts over religion.
Pope referred to the Westphalian treaty as Null, Sin.
Treaty, in other words, established the constitution of
modern world politics. Cont
Over the course of time, NSS evolved, brought
democracy, int. Law, diplomacy, and mutual trade etc.
Westphalian treaty is also known as peace of
exhaustion because war had bankrupted the waring parties. Elements of Westphalian Peace Sovereignty: The notion that every state has the right of self-rule over its people and territory. Only sovereign states could enter into relations.
Legal Equality: All states are equal as sovereign
member of the International community. (Nepal = USA)
Non-intervention: no interference was permitted in
the affairs of other state. The UN Charter Chapter 1: Purposes and principles
Article: 2 (1) The organization is based on the
principle of the sovereign equality of all its member states.
Article: 2 (4) All members shall refrain in their relations
from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state ... Outcomes of Treaty
1- Religion; Treaty Favoured secularism and ensured
religious freedom.
Since the empire was catholic and protestant
reformation had begun in 1517-1521 under Martin Luther King Sr. with two objectives; Cont
I. Identifying papacy as anti-Christ.
II. Discovering Jesus and salvation by faith.
2- Nationalism Nationalism entered into Europe after the Westphalian Treaty.
Prior to that feudals and kings used to think in terms of
religion. Significance of Nation State System Each state can decide the best for its people with out external pressures.
Other states, no matter how powerful, do not have
the right to intervene into other sovereign countries.
The principle of autonomy does not allow exploitation
of the weaker by major states. Challenges faced by NSS in contemporary World Today, it faces the challenges from; Drone strikes, Non-state-actors like ISIS, Boko Haram. Intra-state conflicts: Syria, Yemen & Afghanistan. Growing interdependence. Regional Integration (EU, ASEAN) Humanitarian intervention: in Libya. Globalization: WTO, IMF, World Bank, MNCs Questions to attempt; Explain significance and scope of IR in a changing world.
Explain the salient features of modern nation state
system.
How do you see the role of state in the future, given
that that globalization and MNCs are undermining state authority?