Anda di halaman 1dari 26

Phenomenology

Alfred Schutz (1899-1959)


Peter Berger (1929)

REYNALDO ROCERO, LPT


MAEd-Educational Management
Alfred Schutz (1899-1959)
Studied law and social science at the University
of Vienna

Academic goal: establish a rigorous


philosophical foundation grounded in
phenomenological methodology

Responsible for developing phenomenology as


a sociological science
Alfred Schutz (1899-1959)

Major Influence: Max Weber

Main work: Der Sinnhafte Aufbau der Sozialen


Welt: Eine Einleitung in die Verstehende Soziologie
(Translation: Meaningful Construction of the Social
World)
Schutz Continued

Warm and delightful personality

Worked with Husserl briefly.


Turned down assistant job due
to personal reasons
Phenomenology of the Social World

Ones stream of consciousness is in


simultaneous relation to others streams
of consciousness. Individuals acts are
influences by other peoples acts..
However the same experience is not
necessarily shared.
Phenomenology of the Social World
It is a conscious awareness that the world is
both united, through streams of consciousness,
and divided, based on individual experience and
interpretation of events.

Understanding others is possible because we


share the same world and many of the subjective
meanings attached to experiences.
Phenomenology of the Social World

Assessing someones stream of


consciousness is affected by:
degrees of interpretability

We may misinterpret the


interactions among other people
Stock of Knowledge

Schutz views individuals as constructing a


world by using typifications (or ideal types)
passed onto them by their social group.

When researchers draw upon their own


experiences in order to evaluate a social
situation, they are drawing upon their stock
of knowledge.
Stock of Knowledge

We draw upon our stock of knowledge when


interacting in society because it gives us
order to a social situation.

Stock of knowledge comes from our life


experiences and education.
Common Sense
Do not confuse stock of knowledge with common sense.

Schutz: even the thing perceived in everyday life is more than a simple sense
presentation. It is a thought object, a construct of a highly complicated nature In
other words, the so-called concrete facts of common-sense perception are not as
concrete as it seems. They already involve abstractions of a highly complicated
nature, and we have to take account of this situation lest we commit the fallacy of
misplaced concreteness.

Stock of knowledge may include items found within realm of common sense.
Common Sense
Do not confuse stock of knowledge with common sense.

Schutz: Even the thing perceived in everyday life is more than a simple
sense presentation. It is a thought object, a construct of a highly
complicated nature

In other words, the so-called concrete facts of common-sense


perception are not as concrete as it seems. They already involve
abstractions of a highly complicated nature, and we have to take account
of this situation lest we commit the fallacy of misplaced concreteness.
Common Sense

Stock of knowledge may include items found


within realm of common sense.
Peter Berger
Peter Berger
(1929 - Present)
Background
Was born in Vienna, Austria. He moved to the United Stated when he was
a teenager.

Accomplishments
1949: At Wagner College he received his BA.
1950 and 1954: At the New School for social Research he earned his M.A. and
Ph.D. in New York City.
Understudy for Alfred Schultz
Went on to teach at many a couple of universities and
most recently taught at Boston University.
He is a past president of the Society for
Scientific Study of Religion.
Berger cont.
He wrote many books on the Sociology of Religion.
He ties many the aspects of modern society back to
religion.

Controversial Contemporary Issues

Major Influences
Lutheran Theological Divinity School

Yale Divinity School

Max Weber
The Social Construction of Reality

Berger and Luckmann argued that reality is socially


constructed and that the sociology of knowledge must analyze
the processes in which this occurs.

Social reality: the process of looking at society and its


representation by our current information about it.

Culture influences the social reality.


The Social Construction of Reality cont.

3 Processes

1) Externalization

2) Objectivation

3) Internalization
Marriage and The Construction of Reality

The process that interests us here is the one that constructs,


maintains and modifies a consistent reality that can be
meaningfully experienced by individuals.

One is willing to make changes in their lives voluntarily


and internally, in which individuals have little control of what
goes on around them.
Reification
Internalization

The process of treating outside objects as if they are something other than
human products. Humans forget their position of authority in the world.

Leads to alienation.

The process of forgetting that the products around humans were created by
themselves.

This consciousness is reifying consciousness


and its objects are reifications
Consciousness

First, there is direct and pre-reflective presence to the world.


Secondly, founded on the latter, there is reflective awareness
of the world and ones presence to it. Thirdly, out of this
second level of consciousness there may in turn arise various
theoretical formulations of the situation.
Social Control and Political Authority

The reality of the social world does not present itself all at
once. It must be constructed and reconstructed over and over
again.

Berger thinks we are prisoners of society.


The Role of Religion in Society
Alteration
The attempt for a person to balance religion and their relation world.

Is God Dead?
Berger says, Gods not dead and that religion is still very well alive and important
in todays society.
Only through the belief in the existence of the supernatural- that is, a reality
that transcends the reality of the natural world of everyday life- can
humans grasp the true proportions of their experience.

Viewed religious experiences as important.


Relevancy - Societal Gain

Insight to daily unacknowledged processes, in which


humans view society.

Insight on:

Perception

Social Structure

Human Behavior
Key Perspectives
Time Consciousness

Stock of Knowledge

Reification and Consciousness


Limitations

Many sociologist distrust phenomenology, especially the


ones who favor quantitative and scientific research.

Critics say that their ideas are vague and subject to


interpretation.

Lack of concrete evidence.


END OF PRESENTATION

Anda mungkin juga menyukai