Interview

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 Interview

Salah satu teknik Cara paling berkesan

pengumpulan data untuk memahami
dlm. penyelidikan orang.
kuanlitative Interview bukan saja
Cara terbaik menilai bertanya dan
persepsi org,maksud, menerima jawapan
definisi situasi dan tetapi lebih dari itu.
realiti.

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 interview
Jones;
Cara terbaik untuk memahami sesuatu
realiti adalah dengan bertanya dan
mendapat jawapan yang lebih mendalam
tentang sesuatu maksud.

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 Peranan interviewer
Mesti dpt kerjasama
menjalin hubungan yg
baik (good rapport)
bersifat Neutral
bersifat objective
kurangkan rasa
malu,takut dan
berprasangka ke atas
respondent ~ selesa
untk beri maklumat
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Sentiasa mengawal
arah/tujuan interaksi
sosial & jawapan yg.
diberi respondent.
Tidak beri pendapat/
menjadi hakim
(verbally/ non -
verbally)
Bantu respondent beri
jawapan yg jujur
4
 Jenis- Jenis Interview

Patton; Fielding;

informal standardized
conversational semi - standardized
interview
non - standardized
general interview
- guide approach
standardized
open- ended
interview
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 Jenis - Jenis Interview

Fontana & Frey

1. Structured
2. Semi - structured
3. Unstructured
(apply to group &
individual
interview)

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 Interview Berstruktur

respondent akan ditanya soalan-soalan yg. telah

disediakan lebih awal & juga kategori respon yg
dijangkakan.
soalan open-endedkadang- kadang digunakan
setiap respondent akan menerima soalan sama
dgn cara yang sama.
Fleksibiliti & variasi - minimum
Researcher - neutral

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 Interview Berstuktur

Respon respondent
selalunya
menekankan rational
bukannya emotional.
(Fontana & Frey)

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 Interview kumpulan fokus
Researcher berkerja
dgn satu kumpulan
fokus . Kaedah ini
kini popular dlm social
research
Cara yg digunakan
bergantung kepada
tujuan & konteks
penyelidikan
(unstructured, semi-
structured or highly
structured Prentice Hall, 2003 9
Kepentingan interview kumpulan

Morgan :- Data yang diperolehi daripada

interaksi kumpulan selalunya sukar
didapati dp. Individu
boleh membantu jelaskan aspek-aspek
tertentu yang sebelumnya tidak dpt dilihat
cara yang terbaik melihat pandangan,
persepsi, motif dan tujuan.

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Kelebihan focus group interview
Murah
banyak data boleh
diperolehi
fleksibel
stimulating
recall-aiding
cumulative
elaborative

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 Peranan Researcher
Moderator atau
Facilitator

TUGAS:- monitor dan

record interaksi
kumpulan
berdasarkan soalan
dan topik yang
disediakan

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Unstructured Interviews

Cara traditional;
non-standardized,
open - ended,
in-depth interview,
sometimes called the
ethnographic interview

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Unstructured Interviews

Selalunya untuk memahami

tingkahlaku yang kompleks
tanpa mengkategorikan atau
menghadkan bidang soalan

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 Unstructured Interviews

Fontana & Frey:-

accessing the setting
understanding the language and culture of
respondents
deciding on how to present oneself
locating an informant
gaining trust
establishing rapport
collecting the empirical materials
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 Practical aspect of
interviewing

1. Interview respondents

2. Managing the interview

3. Recording

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 Interview respondent

Who will be interviewed and why?

How many will be interviewed and how
many times will each person be
interviewed?
When and for how long will each respondent
be interviewed?
Where will each respondent be interviewed?
How will access to the interview situation be
organized?
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 Managing the interview

Preparation for the interview-the

interview schedule;
beginning the interview-establishing
rapport;
communication and listening skills;
asking questions-the sequence and
types of questions;
closing the interview.
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 RECORDING
Highly structured interviews; which use
pre-coded response categories,
recording of responses is probably a
simple matter of making checkmarks
on a response sheet.
Open-ended interviews; include tape
recording, video recording and note
taking.
*After the interview is completed, the
data will need to be transcribed.

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 Role of language

The interview is a conversation, the art of

asking questions and listening.
Word are used to transmit information
Silverman;language is central in qualitative
research. Qualitative field data are
linguistic in character, observations, texts
and interviews all focus and rely on
language.

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 TYPES OF INTERVIEWS

Mail and self-administered

questionnaires(researchers can give
questionnaires directly to respondents or
mail them to respondents who read
instructions and questions, then record
their answers.)
Telephone Interviews
Face-to-face Interviews

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 Interviewer Bias
1. Errors by the respondent - forgetting,
embarrassment, misunderstanding or lying
because of the presence of others

2. Unintentional errors - contacting the wrong

respondent, misreading a question, omitting
questions, reading question in the wrong
order, recording the wrong answer to a
question or misunderstanding the respondent

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 Interviewer Bias
3.Intentional subversion by the interviewer
purposeful alteration of answers,
omission or rewording or questions or
choice of an alternative respondent.

4. Influence due to the interviewers

expectations about a respondents
appearance, living situation or other
answers

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 Interviewer Bias

5.Failure of an interviewer to probe or to

probe properly

6. Influence on the answers due to the

interviewer's appearance, tone, attitude,
reactions to answers or comments made
outside of the interview schedule.

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Interviewing:Feminist Approaches

A preference for an unstructured and open

- ended format
A preference for interviewing a person
more than once
Creation of social connections and building
a trusting social relationship
Disclosure of personal experiences by the
interviewer

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 Interviewing:Feminist Approaches
Drawing on female skills of being open,
receptive and understanding
Avoiding control and fostering equality by
down-playing professional status
Careful listening, interviewers become
emotionally engaged with respondent
Respondent-oriented direction not researcher
oriented

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Interviewing:Feminist Approaches

Encouragement of respondents to express

themselves in ways they are most
comfortable - for example by telling
stories.
Creation of a sense of empowerment

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conclusion

Interviews have been used extensively for

data collection across all the disciplines of
the social sciences and in educational
research. It is a key method of data
collection.

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THE END

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