Life Cycles
o Commonly, 2 Phases (Inside the host; Outside The host)
o Morphology Sizes; Shapes;
o Reproduction
Asexual multiplication Simple binary fission; Multiple/Schizogony
Sexual multiplication conjugation; Syngamy (zygote)
o Understanding of Symptomatology; Pathology; and Epidemiology
(prevention and control)
CONCEPTS IN PARASITOLOGY
Laboratory Diagnosis
o Most commonly used specimen Blood; Stool; Urine; Biopsy
material; Sputum; Urethral/vaginal discharges
o Indirect methods Cytological; Serological
Developmental stages:-
Trophozoite Active stage
Cysts Inactive, Resistant, & Infective stage
Protozoa Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction:-
Conjugation interchange of nuclear material takes
place between 2 parasites
Syngamy sexually differentiated cells (gametes) unite
permanently and complete fusion of nuclear material
takes place. The Product is a Zygote.
Asexual Reproduction:-
Simple Binary Fission individual parasite divides into 2
parasites (longitudinally; transversely)
Multiple Fission ; Schizogony - individual parasite
divides into more than 2 parasites
Protozoa locomotion Characteristics
Protozoa Locomotion Important
organ Parasites
Amoeba Pseudopodia Entamoeba
hystolytica
Flagellates Flagella Trypanosomes
Leishmania
Trichomonas
Giardia
Characteristics
Bilaterally Symmetrical
Segmented Bodies
Joined appendages - legs, antennae, or mouthparts
Head; Thorax; Abdomen;
Hard exoskeleton (cuticle) for protection
A body cavity called haemocele - contains haemolymph (blood and
lymph)
Ecdysis or moulting - cuticle is shed at regular intervals
Open Circulatory System Heart; Arteries; Body Spaces (Haemocoeles)
Other systems present Digestive; Respiratory; Excretory;Reproductive;
& Nervous
MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF ARTHROPODS
development of arthropods metamorphosis
from egg to adult
Incomplete - development from the egg to nymph
Complete development extending from the egg to larva,
pupa, and later to adult
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODS
Class Insecta- consists of mosquitoes, fleas, bugs, lice and
flies, etc;
Class Arachnida- consists of ticks, mites and scorpion; and
Class Crustacea- consists of cyclops.
Parasites Classifications
Phylum : Ciliophora
Class : Kinetofragminophorea
Order : Trichostomatida
Family : Balantidiidae
Genera : Balantidium
Phylum : Platyhelminthes
Class : Trematoda
Eucestoda
Phylum : Nemathelminthes
Class : Nematoda
Phylum : Athropoda
Class : Crustacia
Insecta
Arachnida