ARTICLES

An article is a word used to modify a noun, which is a person, place, object, or

idea. Technically, an article is an adjective, which is any word that modifies a
noun. Usually adjectives modify nouns through description, but articles are
used instead to point out or refer to nouns.

Definite article: THE

Is the most frequent word in English.
It refers directly to a specific noun or groups of nouns. For example:
the freckles on my face
the alligator in the pond
the breakfast burrito on my plate
Each noun or group of nouns being referred to - in these cases freckles,
alligator, and breakfast burrito - is direct and specific.
 To say something about all the things referred to by a noun:
The wolf is not really a dangerous animal (= Wolves are not really dangerous
animals)
The kangaroo is found only in Australia (= Kangaroos are found only in Australia)
The heart pumps blood around the body. (= Hearts pump blood around bodies)
The definite article with names:
Countries whose names include words like kingdom, states or republic:
EXAMPLES:
The United Kingdom; The Kingdom of Nepal; The United States; The Peoples Republic of China.
Countries which have plural nouns as their names:
EXAMPLES:
The Netherlands; The Philippines
Geographical features, such as mountain ranges, groups of islands, rivers, seas, oceans and
canals:
EXAMPLES:
The Himalayas; The Canaries; The Atlantic; The Atlantic Ocean; The Amazon; The Panama
Canal.
Indefinite article: a/an
Indefinite articles are the words a and an. Each of these articles is
used to refer to a noun, but the noun being referred to is not a
specific person, place, object, or idea. It can be any noun from a
group of nouns. For example:
a Mercedes from the car lot
an event in history
In each case, the noun is not specific. The Mercedes could be any
Mercedes car available for purchase, and the event could be any
event in the history of the world.
 We use a before words that begin with consonant sound
a restaurant a part-time job a uniform

We use an before word which begin with a vowel sound

an ice-cream an interesting job an hour

Pronouns
A pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun,
and its because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun
can act as a subject, direct or indirect object and more.
Types of Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Demosntrative Pronouns
Possesive Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns
Intensive Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns
We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without saying exactly who or what they are.
We use pronouns ending in -body or -one for people, and pronouns ending in -thing for things:

somebody someone something

anybody anyone anything
nobody no one nothing
everybody everyone everything

EXAMPLES:
Everybody enjoyed the concert.
I opened the door but there was no one at home.
It was a very clear day. We could see everything.
 Personal pronouns
Those associated with a certain person, thing, or group; all except you
have distinct forms that indicate singular or plural number

Personal Subject pronouns

We use subject pronouns as subject of the verb:

I like your dress.

You are late.
He is my friend
It is raining
She is on holiday
We live in England.
They come from London.
 Personal pronouns
Personal Object pronouns
We use object pronouns:
As the object of the verb:
EXAMPLES:
Can you help me please?
I can see you.
She doesnt like him.
I saw her in town today.
We saw them in town yesterday, but they didnt see us.
 Reflexive pronouns

Those preceded by the adverb adjective, pronoun, or noun

to which they refer, and ending in self or selves

Singular: myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself

Plural: ourselves - yourselves - themselves

EXAMPLES:
I am teaching myself to play the piano.
Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.
 Demonstrative pronouns
Those used to point to something specific within a sentence:
We use this (singular) and these (plural) as pronouns:
- to talk about people or things near us:
This is a nice cup of tea.
Whose shoes are these?
- to introduce people:
This is Janet.
These are my friends, John and Michael.
WARNING:
We dont say These are John and Michael.
We say This is John and this is Michael.
- to introduce ourselves to begin a conversation on the phone:
Hello, this is David, Can I speak to Sally?
 Demonstrative pronouns
We use that (singular) and those (plural):
- to talk about things that are not near us:
Whats that?
This is our house, and thats Rebeccas house over there.
Those are very expensive shoes.
- We also use that to refer back to something someone said or
did:
- Shall we go to the cinema?
- Yes, thats a good idea.
- Ive got a new job.
- Thats great.
- Im very tired.
- Why is that?
Possessive pronouns
Those designating possession or We can use possessive pronouns
ownership after of.
We can say:
Mine Susan is one of my friends.
Yours or
Susan is a friend of mine.
His but not
Hers Susan is a friend of me
Its or
Ours I am one of Susan's friends.
or
Yours I am a friend of Susan's.
Theirs but not
I am a friend of Susan
 Relative pronouns
Those which refer to nouns mentioned previously, acting
to introduce an adjective (relative) clause.
 Examples:
The cyclist who won the race trained hard.
Spaghetti, which we eat at least twice a week, is one of
my familys favorite meals.
The book, when it was finally returned, was torn and
stained.
The store on the corner, where we usually buy all of our
art supplies, burned to the ground.
Interrogative pronouns
We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The
interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we
don't know (what we are asking the question about).
There
Question
are four mainAnswer
interrogative
pronouns:
Who told you? who, whom, what, which subject
John told me.

Whom did you tell? I told Mary. object

What's happened? An accident's happened. subject

What do you want? I want coffee. object

Which came first? The Porsche 911 came first. subject

Which will the doctor see first? The doctor will see the patient in object
bluefirst.

There's one car John's (car) hasn't arrived. subject

missing. Whose hasn't arrived?

We've found everyone's I found John's (keys). object

keys. Whose did you find?
 Note that we sometimes use the suffix "-ever" to make
compounds from some of these pronouns
(mainly whoever, whatever, whichever, whomever,
whosever). When we add "-ever", we use it for
emphasis, often to show confusion or surprise. Look at
these examples:
Whoever would want to do such a nasty thing?
Whatever did he say to make her cry like that?
They're all fantastic! Whichever will you choose?
 Reciprocal pronouns
We use the reciprocal pronouns each other and one
another when two or more people do the same thing.
Traditionally, each other refers to two people and one
another refers to more than two people, but this distinction
is disappearing in modern English.
Peter and Mary helped one another.
= Peter helped Mary and Mary helped Peter.
We sent each other Christmas cards.
= We sent them a Christmas card and they sent us a Christmas
card.
They didnt look at one another.
= He didn't look at her and she didn't look at him.
 Intensive pronouns
An intensive pronoun is almost identical to a reflexive pronoun. It is defined as a pronoun
that ends in self or selves and places emphasis on its antecedent by referring back to another
noun or pronoun used earlier in the sentence. For this reason, intensive pronouns are
sometimes called emphatic pronouns.
Intensive pronouns might not be necessary, but they serve the important function of making
your writing more interesting as well as more meaningful, particularly in formal situations.
Use them sparingly to ensure that the emphasis they provide isnt lost.

Himself
We built a garden shed by ourselves.
Herself
Yourself Jordan made himself a sandwich, complete with pickles.
Themselves Im a little nervous about walking by myself after dark.
Ourselves The twins are growing up fast; theyre already walking
by themselves.
Jennifer sewed her dress herself.