MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND

NECK
TIM ANATOMI FKIK UNJA
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN
DOKTER
dr.primayana
 Scalp
The occipitofrontalis overlies the dome of the
cranium.
It is divided into the frontalis of the forehead
and occipitalis at the rear of the head,
They are connected to each other by a broad
aponeurosis, the galea aponeurotica
CONT
Frontalis Elevates eyebrows in glancing upward
and expressions of surprise or fright; draws scalp
forward and wrinkles skin of forehead
O: Galea aponeurotica
I: Subcutaneous tissue of eyebrows
Occipitalis Retracts scalp; fixes galea
aponeurotica so frontalis can act on eyebrows
O: Superior nuchal line and temporal bone
I: Galea aponeurotica
0
 The Orbital and Nasal Regions.
Orbicularis Oculi : Sphincter of the eyelids; closes eye in blinking,
squinting, and sleep; aids in flow of tears across eye
O: Lacrimal bone, adjacent regions of frontal bone and maxilla, medial angle
of eyelids
I: Upper and lower eyelids, skin around margin of orbit
Levator Palpebrae Superioris : Elevates upper eyelid, opens eye
O: Lesser wing of sphenoid in posterior wall of orbit
I: Upper eyelid
Corrugator Supercilii : Draws eyebrows medially and downward in
frowning and concentration; reduces glare of bright sunlight
O: Medial end of supraorbital margin
I: Skin of eyebrow
Nasalis : Widens nostrils; narrows internal air passage between vestibule
and nasal cavity
O: Maxilla just lateral to nose
I: Bridge and alar cartilages of nose
 The Oral Region
Orbicularis Oris : Encircles mouth, closes lips, protrudes lips
as in kissing; uniquely developed in humans for speech
O: Modiolus of mouth
I: Submucosa and dermis of lips
Levator Labii Superioris : Elevates and everts upper lip in
sad, sneering, or serious expressions
O: Zygomatic bone and maxilla near inferior margin of orbit
I: Muscles of upper lip
Levator Anguli Oris : Elevates angle of mouth as in smiling
O: Maxilla just below infraorbital foramen
I: Muscles at angle of mouth
 Zygomaticus Major : Draws angle of mouth upward
and laterally as in laughing
O: Zygomatic bone
I: Superolateral angle of mouth
Zygomaticus Minor Elevates upper lip, exposes upper
teeth in smiling or sneering
O: Zygomatic bone
I: Muscles of upper lip N: Facial n.
Risorius Draws angle of mouth laterally in expressions
of laughing, horror, or disdain
O: Zygomatic arch, fascia near ear
I: Modiolus of mouth
 Depressor Anguli Oris : Draws angle of mouth
laterally and downward in opening mouth or sad
expressions
O: Inferior margin of mandibular body
I: Modiolus of mouth
Depressor Labii Inferioris : Draws lower lip
downward and laterally in chewing and
expressions of melancholy or doubt
O: Near mental protuberance
I: Skin and mucosa of lower lip
 The Mental and Buccal Regions.
Mentalis : Elevates and protrudes lower lip in drinking,
pouting, and expressions of doubt or disdain; elevates
and wrinkles skin of chin
O: Mandible near inferior incisors
I: Skin of chin at mental protuberance.
Buccinator Compresses cheek against teeth and gums;
directs food between molars; retracts cheek from teeth
when mouth is closing to prevent biting cheek; expels
air and liquid
O: Alveolar processes on lateral surfaces of maxilla and
mandible
I: Orbicularis oris; submucosa of cheek and lips
 The Cervical and Mental Region
Platysma : Draws lower lip and angle of
mouth downward in expressions of horror or
surprise; may aid in opening mouth widely
O: Fascia of deltoid and pectoralis major
I: Mandible; skin and subcutaneous tissue of
lower face
food manipulation
 food manipulation
EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Genioglossus : Unilateral action draws tongue to one side; bilateral action
depresses midline of tongue or protrudes tongue
O: Superior mental spine on posterior surface of mental protuberance
I: Ventral surface of tongue from root to apex
Hyoglossus : Depresses tongue
O: Body and greater horn of hyoid
I: Lateral and ventral surfaces of tongue
Styloglossus : Draws tongue upward and posteriorly
O: Styloid process of temporal bone and ligament from styloid process to
mandible
I: Dorsolateral surface of tongue
Palatoglossus : Elevates root of tongue and closes oral cavity off from
pharynx; forms palatoglossal arch at rear of oral cavity
O: Soft palate
I: Lateral surface of tongue
Muscles of Chewing
 Muscles of Chewing
Temporalis : Elevation, retraction, and lateral and medial excursion of the mandible
O: Temporal lines and temporal fossa of cranium
I: Coronoid process and anterior border of mandibular ramus

Masseter : Elevation of the mandible, with smaller roles in protraction, retraction, and lateral and
medial excursion
O: Zygomatic arch
I: Lateral surface of mandibular ramus and angle

Medial Pterygoid : Elevation, protraction, and lateral and medial excursion of the mandible
O: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate, palatine bone,lateral surface of maxilla near molar teeth
I: Medial surface of mandibular ramus and angle

Lateral Pterygoid Depression (in wide opening of the mouth), protraction, and lateral and medial
excursion of the mandible
O: Lateral surfaces of lateral pterygoid plate and greater wing of sphenoid
I: Neck of mandible (just below condyle); articular disc and capsule of temporomandibular joint
 Hyoid MusclesSuprahyoid Group
Digastric : Depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; opens mouth widely,
as when ingesting food or yawning; elevates hyoid when mandible is fixed
O: Mastoid notch of temporal bone, digastric fossa of mandible
I: Hyoid bone, via fascial sling
Geniohyoid Depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; elevates and
protracts hyoid when mandible is fixed
O: Inferior mental spine of mandible
I: Hyoid bone
Mylohyoid Spans mandible from side to side and forms floor of mouth;
elevates floor of mouth in initial stage of swallowing
O: Mylohyoid line near inferior margin of mandible
I: Hyoid bone
Stylohyoid Elevates and retracts hyoid, elongating floor of mouth; roles in
speech, chewing, and swallowing are not yet clearly understood
O: Styloid process of temporal bone
I: Hyoid bone
 Hyoid MusclesInfrahyoid Group
Omohyoid28 Depresses hyoid after it has been elevated
O: Superior border of scapula
I: Hyoid bone
Sternohyoid : Depresses hyoid after it has been elevated
O: Manubrium of sternum, medial end of clavicle
I: Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid Depresses hyoid; with hyoid fixed, elevates larynx as in
singing high notes
O: Thyroid cartilage of larynx
I: Hyoid bone
Sternothyroid Depresses larynx after it has been elevated in
swallowing and vocalization; aids in singing low notes
O: Manubrium of sternum, costal cartilage 1
I: Thyroid cartilage of larynx
 Muscles of the Pharynx.
Pharyngeal Constrictors (three muscles)
During swallowing, contract in order from
superior to middle to inferior constrictor to
drive food into esophagus
O: Medial pterygoid plate, mandible, hyoid,
stylohyoid ligament, cricoid and thyroid cartilages
of larynx
I: Median pharyngeal raphe (seam on posterior
side of pharynx); basilar part of occipital bone
Muscle of the neck
Muscle of the neck
 Muscle of the neck
As the
sternocleidomastoid
passes obliquely across
the neck, it divides it
into anterior and
posterior triangles
 Flexors of the Neck
Sternocleidomastoid Unilateral action tilts head slightly upward
and toward the opposite side, as in looking over ones contralateral
shoulder.
O: Manubrium of sternum, medial one-third of clavicle
I: Mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line

Scalenes (anterior, middle, and posterior) Unilateral contraction

causes ipsilateral flexion or contralateral rotation (tilts head toward
same shoulder, or rotates face away), depending on action of other
muscles. Bilateral contraction flexes neck. If spine is fixed, scalenes
elevate ribs 12 and aid in breathing.
O: Transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae (C1C7)
I: Ribs 12
 Extensors of the Neck
Trapezius Extends and laterally flexes head
O: External occipital protuberance, medial one-
third of superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament,
spinous processes of vertebrae C7T3 or T4
I: Acromion and spine of scapula, lateral onethird
of clavicle
 Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis Acting
unilaterally, produce ipsilateral flexion and slight
rotation of head; extend head when acting bilaterally
O: Inferior half of nuchal ligament, spinous processes of
vertebrae C7T6
I: Mastoid process and occipital bone just inferior to
superior nuchalline; cervical vertebrae C1C2 or C3
Semispinalis Capitis and Semispinalis Cervicis Extend
and contralaterally rotate head
O: Articular processes of vertebrae C4C7, transverse
processes of T1T6
I: Occipital bone between nuchal lines, spinous processes
of vertebrae C2C5
TERIMA KASIH