STUDY OF GEOLOGICAL AGENTS AND DIFFERENT

LANDFORMS DEVELOPED BY ACTIVITIES OF RUNNING

WATER

Geological agents: Geological agents are those

agents that brings change in the earth. E.g. Glacier,
water, wind, etc.
 Activities of Geological Agents
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition
 Erosion landforms developed by River

River Valley: It is an elongated lowland between ranges of

mountains, hills, or other uplands, often having a river or
stream running along the bottom.
Gorge: It deep, narrow valley with steep rocky sides, often
with a stream flowing through it.
Pot Holes : Potholes are cylindrical holes drilled into the bed of a
river that vary in depth & diameter from a few centimeters to
several meters.
Rock Island : Rock island is a landmass of rock within a river that
sits above water.
Oxbow lake: An Oxbow lake is a U-shaped body of water that
forms when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut
off, creating a free-standing body of water.
Waterfall : A waterfall is a place where water flows over a vertical
drop or a series of drops in the course of a stream or river.
 Depositional landforms developed by river

Point Bar: A point bar is a depositional feature made of

alluvium that accumulates on the inside bend of streams and
rivers below the slip-off slope. Point bars are found in
abundance in mature or meandering streams.
Channel Bars : An elevated region of sediment (such as sand or
gravel) that has been deposited by the flow which is common in
braided rivers .
Flood plain : An area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed
mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding.
Terrace deposit : It is a step-like landform which consists of a flat or
gently sloping geomorphic surface, called a tread, that is typically
bounded one side by a steeper ascending slope.
Alluvial fan : An alluvial fan is a triangle-shaped deposit of gravel,
sand, and even smaller pieces of sediment, such as silt. This
sediment is called alluvium. Alluvial fans are usually created as
flowing water interacts with mountains, hills, or the steep walls of
canyons.
Delta :It is a landform that forms from deposition of sediment
carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-
moving or standing water. This occurs where a river enters an ocean,
sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that
cannot transport away the supplied sediment.
 HANDLING OF GEOLOGICAL COMPASS AND
MEASUREMENT OF
ATTITUDE OF GEOLOGICAL PLANES

Attitude: Attitude can be simply defined as 3-D orientation of

any geological structure such as bed, joint, fault. It is defined by
their strike, dip and dip direction.
Components of Attitude:

1. Strike
The strike line of bed, fault, or any planar structure is imaginary line representing
the intersection of that feature with horizontal plane. It is given as quadrantal
bearing or in azimuth bearing.
N-S Strike Line E-W strike Line Strike inclined at certain angle to north

N-S strike line E-W strike line Strike line inclined at

certain angle
2. Dip or Dip amount
Dip or dip angle or dip amount is defined as the acute angle made by any
geological plane and horizontal plane. Its value may range from 0 to 90. It
gives the maximum inclination of the geological plane.

3. Dip Direction
It is the direction of inclination of geological planes. It is always at right
angles to the horizontal.
There are two different kinds of dip True dip and apparent dip.
The steepest or maximum angle made by the top surface of inclined rock
with horizontal i.e. true dip.
The inclination from a any other direction than that of true dip is called
apparent dip. This value is always less than the true dip
Geological Compass:

The instrument used to measure the geological feature of a

geological structure is a geological compass. It is the
combination of general magnetic compass and clinometers.
Inclination is measured by clinometers.

There are following types of geological compasses:

1. Clinometer Compass
2. Brunton Compass
3. Clar Compass
4. Digital Compass
Brunton compass:
It consists of sprit level and can measure bearing and inclination with
relatively less error.