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PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

(FIRST AID)

Disediakan oleh;
Kpt. (KRS) Rohaidah Bakar
Professionally coordinates by: Members and Affiliations:

DOLIDIAS Malaysia
No. 21, Jalan P9B/10, Presint 9, 62500 Putrajaya
Tel/Fax 03 8881 1925 . Cellphone 012 635 3070 . www.mainayaq.com
First Aid Unit
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Professionally coordinates by:


PENGENALAN
(1)
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Rawatan sementara waktu yang


diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum
tibanya bantuan perubatan.
Variasi nama:
First Aid
Bantu Mula
Pertolongan Cemas
Professionally
coordinates by:
(1) PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

OBJEKTIF

Menyelamat nyawa
Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius
Mengurangkan kesakitan
Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospital

Professionally
coordinates by:
(1) PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

APA ITU KECEMASAN?

Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang


mengancam nyawa
Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,
kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih
serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin
menyebabkan kematian
Professionally
coordinates by:
(1) PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT


Bertanggungjawab
Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang
Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diri
Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan
Terlatih

Professionally
coordinates by:
(2)PERALATAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

ISI KOTAK FIRST AID


11) Kain Kapas
1) Termometer 12) Pin Semat
2) Mangkuk Enamel 13) Elastoplast
3) Ubat Cium 14) Ubat Luka
4) Asprin 15) Papan Tuap
5) Panadol 16) Kain Segitiga
6) Ubat Melepuh 17) Ubat Cuci Mata
7) Kain Pembalut Luka 18) Pembalut Berelastik
8) Kain Tekap 19) Pembalut Pembebat
9) Kapas 20) Pembalut Terbuka
Professionally
coordinates by: 10) Gunting 21) Adesif Lekat Sendiri
(3) PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka


dan mengawal pendarahan.

Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu


pembebatan.

Professionally
coordinates by:
(3) PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

PEMBEBATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
(3) PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

JENIS KAIN PEMBALUT


Pembalut Tiga Segi
Pembalut Lebar
Pembalut Kecil
Pembalut Gulung

Professionally
coordinates by:
(3) PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

Pembalut Tiga Segi

Professionally
coordinates by:
(3) PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

Lipatan Tiga Segi

Professionally
coordinates by:
IKATAN,
4.

BALUTAN & ANDUH


? Ikatan

? Balutan

? Anduh

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
IKATAN
Simpul Sila

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH

JENIS BALUTAN LUKA


Luka Tangan
Luka Dada
Luka Bahu
Luka Peha
Luka Siku
Luka Lengan
Luka Lutut
Luka Jari
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Balutan Luka Tangan

2 3 4

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Balutan Luka Tangan

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Balutan Luka Tangan ANDUH

1 2

3 4

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Balutan Luka Dada ANDUH

Professionally
coordinates by:
Luka di bahagian depan
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Balutan Luka Dada ANDUH

Professionally
coordinates by:
Luka di bahagian belakang
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Balutan ANDUH

Luka Bahu
1

2 3

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Balutan Luka Peha ANDUH

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Balutan Luka Siku ANDUH

1 2

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Balutan Luka Lutut ANDUH

1 2 3

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Balutan Luka Lengan ANDUH

1 2

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Balutan Luka Jari ANDUH

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH

JENIS ANDUH

Anduh Besar
Anduh Kecil
Anduh Pergelangan Tangan
Anduh Menaik

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Anduh Besar ANDUH

Professionally
coordinates by: 4
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Anduh Menaik ANDUH

1 2 3

Professionally
coordinates by:
(4) IKATAN, BALUTAN &
Pembalut Cincin ANDUH

1 2 3

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
JENIS-JENIS LUKA CARA RAWATAN

1) Luka Terhiris

Professionally
coordinates by:
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

2) Luka Terkoyak

Professionally
coordinates by:
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

4) Luka Lebam

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

5) Luka Kena Tembak

Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA MENAHAN DARAH

Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
6) Luka Kecil CARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
7) Luka di Perut

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
8) Luka di Dada CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
9) Pendarahan bahagian
dalam Telinga

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

4.PATUKAN ULAR

Di Malaysia terdapat
141 spesis ular, di
mana 37 daripadanya
adalah berbisa.

Terbahagi kepada 21
Ular Laut dan 16 Ular
Darat.

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

SIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL


1) Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.
2) Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang
kena patuk.
3) Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.
4) Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungap
5) Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.
6) Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

BAHAYA

Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada


spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan
kedalaman patukkan.

Boleh membawa kepada maut.

Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
SAIZ PATUKAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
KESAN PATUKAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

5.TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR


Terkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalah
sama keadaannya.
Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap
kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar
melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih
serius daripada melecur.
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

MELECUR DAN LEBAM


Disebabkan terkena: Simptom:
Air panas Kulit melecur dan
Minyak panas kemerahan
Wap panas Bahagian terbakar
mengelembung dan
bengkak dengan cepat
Sakit yang amat sangat

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN
1. Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk
dan selesa.
2. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada
anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin,
jam tangan, dll.
3. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan
makanan.
4. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN


1 2

Professionally
coordinates by:
6.RENJATAN ELEKTRIK
Renjatan elektrik boleh
menyebabkan maut,
mungkin mereka yang
cuba membantu turut
menemui maut.

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL


Matikan suis atau suis utama dan
pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.
Menggunakan penebat untuk
menyelamatkan mangsa:
1. Gunakan galah yang panjang dan kering
2. Kerusi kayu
3. Tikar getah
4. Kain sal (tuala yang kering)
5. Plastik tebal
6. Tali atau tali nylon yang kering
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
CARA MENGALIH BAHAYA

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN
Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas,
pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.
Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.
Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan
terbakar.
Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

7.PATAH & TERSELIUH


Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak.
Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku
disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau
tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang
tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih,
tembakan atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
JENIS-JENIS PATAH CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

1 Patah tebu 2 Patah kayu muda


(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
JENIS-JENIS PATAH CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

3
Patah riuk 4 Patah melarat
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

SIMPTOM
Lebam dan bengkak
Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan
Terluka atau berubah bentuk
Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit
Sakit

Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Preparation

Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Rolling On

Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Lifting

Professionally
coordinates by:
8.TERCEKIK

Professionally
coordinates by:
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
9.LEMAS DI AIR

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

RAWATAN
Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti,
periksa pernafasan dan nadi.
Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur
pernafasan.
Jika perlu lakukan CPR.

Professionally
coordinates by:
10.KERACUNAN

Apa-apa bahan jika


dimasukkan ke
dalam kuantiti yang
mencukupi boleh
mengakibatkan
kemudaratan.

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

PUNCA KERACUNAN
Mulut makan, minum
Paru-paru sedut gas/asap
Suntikan gigitan, patukan, jarum
Kulit semburan racun perosak

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5) JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

RAWATAN
1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.
2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.
3. Kesan melecur pada mulut beri minum air
atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.
4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.
5. Jika tidak sedar lakukan primary survey.

Professionally
coordinates by:
(6) PEMULIHAN
PERNAFASAN

TEKNIK-TEKNIK

Melalui 3 cara:
1. Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut)
2. Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari)
3. Holger Nielson

Professionally
coordinates by:
(6) PEMULIHAN
1 Holger Neilson PERNAFASAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
(6) PEMULIHAN
2
Holger Neilson PERNAFASAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
Professionally
coordinates by:
Rescue Breathing
Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious
victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.
CPR (on adults & large children)
(see handout)
Giving chest compressions.
Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the
breast bone, right between the nipples.
Position left hand on top of the right hand.
Position shoulders directly over the hands and push
straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 2
inches.
15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths.
After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.
RICE Treatment
Rest
For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe
injuries.
Ice
Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold
helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.
Compression
Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too
tight!
Elevation
Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling
and drain blood and fluid from the area.
AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
What is an automated external defibrillator
(AED)?
An AED is a device about the size of a laptop
computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for
any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs
the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to the
victim. This shock, called defibrillation, may
help the heart to reestablish an effective
rhythm of its own.
AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
How does an AED work?
An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to
instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on,
the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes
provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once
applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's
heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the
machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to
stand clear of the victim and to press the shock
button.
AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
AEDs are required to be in most large public
buildings.
Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.
Splints
A material or device used to protect and
immobilize a body part.
A splint should be used only if it can be
applied without hurting the victim.
Two Types of Splints
Soft splints are made from blankets, towels,
sheets, or bandages.
Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers
or boards.
Appling Splints
Attempt to splint the injury in the position you
find it.
Make sure it is not too tight!
On Fractured Bones
Must include the joint above and below the injured
bone.
On Injured Joints
Must include the bone above and below the
injured joint.
Slings
Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an inured
arm for support.
Example: Triangular Bandage
Treatments for Common
Injuries
Types Bleeding Wounds
Bruise
Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under
the skin.
Incision
Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a
razor, scissors, broken glass.
Laceration
Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of
the skin.
Types Bleeding Wounds
Abrasion
AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping
away the skin.
Avulsion
Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated
or completely torn away from the body.
Puncture
Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or
projectile pierces the skin.
The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.
Controlling Bleeding
What is the procedure for controlling bleeding
that we covered last class?
Shock
Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the
body tissues.
Signs of shock includerapid, shallow
breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak
pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.
What is the treatment for shock that we
covered last class?
Fractures
Is a break or crack in a bone.
Two Types
Open Fracture
There is also a break in the skin.
Closed Fracture
There is no break in the skin.
Treatment
Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury,
apply ice.
Dislocations
Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.
Treatment
Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply
a cold compress.
Never try and set a dislocation!
Sprains and Strains
Sprain is an injury to the ligaments, tendons,
and soft tissue around a joint caused by undue
stretching.
Strain is an overstretching of muscles and/or
tendons.
Treatment Apply the RICE treatment.
Weather Related Injuries
Heat Cramps are painful muscle spasms in the
legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through
sweating.
Treatment have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink
cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.
Heat Exhaustion is extreme tiredness due to the
bodys inability to regulate its temperature.
Treatment have victim lie down with feet elevated in a
cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.
Weather Related Injuries
Heat Stroke is an overheating of the body
that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so
that the body cannot regulate its temperature.
Treatment have victim lie in cool, wet towels or
sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits,
and groin.
Weather Related Injuries
Frostbite is the freezing of body parts, often
the tissues of the extremities.
Treatment do not attempt rewarming; handle the
affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.
Hypothermia is a reduction of the body
temperature so that it is lower than normal.
Treatment move the victim to a warm
environment; remove any wet clothing; cover their
head with blankets.

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