Organelles and

Inclusions

Dr. dr. Ni Made Linawati, M.Si

Histology Department Faculty of
Medicine Udayana University
Email : md_linawati@unud.ac.id
2015
 Cell Organelles
Organelle= little organ
Found only inside
eukaryotic cells
All the stuff in between
the organelles is cytosol
Everything in a cell
except the nucleus is
cytoplasm
CYTOPLASM

1. ORGANELLES:
ribosomes, endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, peroxisomes,
proteasomes,
mitochondria,
cytoskeleton

2. INCLUSSION: glycogen,
lipid, pigment, crystals
 Organelles
metabolically active cellular structure that execute spesific
functions

Nonmembranous organelles are not enclosed by a

membrane and always in touch with the cytosol
Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles,
cilia, ribosomes, proteasomes

Membranous organelles are surrounded by

membranes
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
* Network of interconnected
tubules and closed
membrane vesicles
* There are two different
- Smooth ER
- Rough ER
* Single membrane
* Place of protein and
phosfolipid syntesize
* Connected of nuclear
envelope
SMOOTH ER (SER)
Anastomosing tubules and
membrane-bound vesicles

Syntesis steroid, cholesterol

& triglyserides

Detoxification toxic
material
- Glycogen Metabolism
Calsium reservoir SR
 Ribosomes
Small particle Conglomeration of mRNA-
Large subunit and small ribosome complex
subunit polysomes
Protein and rRNA
Small unit : binding mRNA,
peptidyl tRNA, aminoacyl Free ribosome : syntesize
tRNA cytosolic prot, peripheral
Large subunit: ribozyme membrane prot, prot
2 type : Free ribosomes destine for nucl, mit,
and membrane associated peroxisome
ribosomes
 Rough ER (RER)
- Interconnected tubules and vesicles
- Ribosomes
- Synthesized :
a. Integral protein of plasma membrane, ER, Golgi
complex, and lysosomal proteins
b. Protein to be secreted from the cell
c. Protein that has to be packages or modified
Related to :
1. Polyribosomes & Free Ribosomes
2. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Perform initial post-translation modification
c. Membrane lipid (phospholipid)
The endoplasmic reticulum

3-10
Rough ER (RER)
Signal recognition
particle receptor
(docking protein)
Ribosome receptor
protein (ribophorin
I dan ribophorin II)
Pore protein
(translocator)
 Golgi Apparatus
Structure :
- Membrane-bounded Cisternae Golgi Stack

- Three level cisternae and 2 addition compartment

(cis-face, medial, trans face, ERGIC /VTC, TGN)

Function:
- Synthesis of carbohydrates
- Modification of proteins manufactured on RER
- Sorting of proteins manufactured on RER
 Vesicle target membrane
SNARE protein (soluble attachment receptor
N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein)
SNARE rich region porosomes
Rabs GTPases specializing in target
recognition
Coated protein : COP and clathrin
Marker microtubule for transported
Vesicles from TGN:

1. Constitutive secretory
pathway
- Insert in to cell membrane
- Fuse with the cell
membrane
2. Regulated secretory
pathway
- Secretory granule
- Fuse with late endosome
lysosome
 Lysosomes
Polymorphous in shape;
: 0,3-0,8 m; 40 acid
hydrolases
Digesting : macromol,
phagocytosed mo, cell
debris, excess/senescent
organelle
Formation : vesicle from
TGN fuse with late
endosomes lysosomes
3 ways : phagosomes,
autophagosomes, reseptor
mediated pinocytic ves.
 Hereditary enzyme deficiency
Disease Enzyme deficiency
Hurler Iduronidase
Hunter syndrome Iduronat sulfatase
Crabbe -galactosidase
Tay-Sachs Hexsosaminidase
Gaucher -glucosidase/
glukoserebrosidase
Fabry a-galactosidase
Pompe a-glucosidase
Mitochondria
- Rod-shaped organelles

- Outer membrane

- Intermembrane space

- Inner membrane cristae

- Matrix
 Outer membrane
Protein : lipid- 1:1
Porin
Relative permeable
 Inner Membrane

- Cardiolipin nearly impermeable to ion, electron,

and protons

- ATP synthase ADP + Pi ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation process responsible
for the formation of ATP
- Hibernate animal thermogenin--heat
- Respiratory chain 3 respiratory enzyme
electron transport chain as proton pump
energy for ATP generating action of ATP synthase
 Matrix space (intercristae space)

- 50 % protein

- Degradation of fatty
acids and pyruvate
acetyl CoA
TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)

- Ribosomes, tRNA,
mRNA, cDNA and matrix
granules
Contact sites
Outer and inner membrane
mit. Contact each other

Pathways for prot and

small mol >< matrix,
intermembrane space
Carrier prot

* Other transport macromol

to inner, outer, matrix
via reseptor molecule
 Origin and replication of mitochondria

* Mitochondria as free living

organism
symbiotic relationship

Self replicating enlarge

sizeDNA replicating
fission

Division occur through

intracristal space
Evolution of the eukaryotic cell

3-27
 Proteasomes
- Barrel-shaped structure with
2 chamber, non membrane
bound

- Composed of protein
complexesproteolytic
enzyme

- Function : degradation
malformed protein, cleaved
antigenic protein into epitop
 Proteolytic pathway must able to distinguish
between completed protein that have wrong
conformation and many growing polypeptides on
ribosomes that have not yet achieved their normal
folded conformation

Normaly forming protein protected by chaperone

molecule / translation machinary
- Ubiquination : ubiquitin
mol attached to a lysine
residue of candidate
protein
Polyubiquinated protein
Proteasomes
Small peptide

- Involved 3 enzymes :
Ubiquitin-activating enz,
ubiquitin-conjugating enz,
ubiquitin ligases
 Peroxisomes
Microbodies , small, 0,2-1 m,
Membrane bound
Oxidative enzymes ( 40)

Function :
- Catabolism of long chain fatty acid via
oxidation acetyl group cytosol
syntesize of cholesterol
- Formation hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
excess-- catalase
 Inclusions
Non living component of the cells
Not possed metabolic activity
Not bounded by membranes

Glycogen, lipid droplets, pigment, and crystals

 Glycogen : the most common form of storage
form of glucose, >> muscle and liver cells

Lipid : storage forms of triglyceride, >>

adipocyte, hepatocyte

Pigment : Hb, melanin, lipofuchsin

Crystals : crystaline forms of protein,>>
sertoli cells (crystals of charcot botcher)
Thank you for
your attention