Figure 45.1
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Concept 45.1: The endocrine system and the
nervous system act individually and together in
regulating an animals physiology
Animals have two systems of internal
communication and regulation
The nervous system and the endocrine system
Anterior
Target Smooth muscle pituitary
Glycogen effectors in breast secretes
Response breakdown,
glucose release Endocrine prolactin ( )
into blood cell
Blood
(a) Simple endocrine pathway Response Milk release vessel
Target
effectors Mammary glands
Milk production
Response
Negative feedback
Regulates many hormonal pathways involved
in homeostasis
Hormone
molecule
VIA
BLOOD
Signal receptor
TARGET
CELL
Signal
transduction
pathway
Cytoplasmic OR
response
DNA
Nuclear
response
NUCLEUS
Glycogen
deposits
Vessel
Vessel dilates
constricts Glycogen
breaks down
and glucose
is released
from cell
Hormone
molecule
VIA
BLOOD
TARGET
CELL
Signal
receptor
Signal DNA
transduction
and response
mRNA
NUCLEUS
Synthesis of
specific proteins
Figure 45.5
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Concept 45.3: The hypothalamus and pituitary
integrate many functions of the vertebrate
endocrine system
The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
Control much of the endocrine system
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary
(female)
Testis
(male)
Figure 45.6
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Major human endocrine glands and some of
their hormones
Table 45.1
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 45.1
Hypothalamus
Neurosecretory
cells of the Axon
hypothalamus
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior
pituitary
HORMONE FSH and LH TSH ACTH Prolactin MSH Endorphin Growth hormone
TARGET Testes or Thyroid Adrenal Mammary Melanocytes Pain receptors Liver Bones
ovaries cortex glands in the brain
Figure 45.8
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The anterior pituitary
Is a true-endocrine gland
Endorphins
Inhibit the sensation of pain
Anterior
pituitary
TSH
Thyroid
Figure 45.9 T3 + T4
Figure 45.10
Reduces
Stimulates Ca2+ uptake
Ca2+ deposition in kidneys
in bones
Homeostasis:
Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
PTH
Increases
Ca2+ uptake
in intestines
Active Stimulates Ca2+
uptake in kidneys
Figure 45.11 vitamin D
Insulin
Is produced by beta cells
Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it
as glycogen.
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
Rising blood glucose
declines to set point;
level (for instance, after
stimulus for insulin
eating a carbohydrate-
release diminishes.
rich meal)
Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
Sex hormones
Are produced in small amounts
Nerve Hypothalamus
Spinal cord
signals
(cross section)
Releasing
hormone
Nerve
cell
Anterior pituitary
Blood vessel
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
Figure 45.14
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Estrogens, the most important of which is
estradiol
Are responsible for the maintenance of the
female reproductive system and the
development of female secondary sex
characteristics
Corpus allatum
Low
Prothoracic 4 Juvenile hormone (JH), secreted by the corpora allata,
JH determines the result of the molt. At relatively high concen-
gland trations of JH, ecdysone-stimulated molting produces
another larval stage. JH suppresses metamorphosis.
Ecdysone But when levels of JH fall below a certain concentration, a
pupa forms at the next ecdysone-induced molt. The adult
Juvenile insect emerges from the pupa.
2 BH signals its main target
organ, the prothoracic hormone
gland, to produce the (JH)
hormone ecdysone.
EARLY LATER
3 Ecdysone secretion PUPA
LARVA LARVA ADULT
from the prothoracic
gland is episodic, with
each release stimulating
a molt.
Figure 45.15
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain hormone
Is produced by neurosecretory cells
Stimulates the release of ecdysone from the
prothoracic glands
Juvenile hormone
Promotes the retention of larval characteristics