: How do I tell?

A: SELECT * FROM T WHERE g.STIntersects(@x) = 1

SELECT *
FROM T WITH(INDEX(T_g_idx))
WHERE g.STIntersects(@x) = 1
Plan choice is cost-based
QO uses various information, including cardinality
EXEC
SELECT
DECLAREsp_executesql
*@x geometry = 'POINT (0 0)'
FROM
SELECT T N'SELECT
* *
WHERE FROM T
FROM TT.g.STIntersects('POINT (0 0)') = 1
WHERE T.g.STIntersects(@x)
WHERE T.g.STIntersects(@x) = 1 = 1',
N'@x geometry', N'POINT (0 0)'

When can we estimate cardinality?

Variables: never
Literals: not for spatial since they are not literals under the covers
Parameters: yes, but cached, so first call matters
 C
B D A B A B
D A
Primary Filter Secondary Filter
E (Index lookup) (Original predicate)

In general, split predicates in two

Primary filter finds all candidates, possibly
with false positives (but never false negatives)
Secondary filter removes false positives
The index provides our primary filter
Original predicate is our secondary filter
Some tweaks to this scheme
Sometimes possible to skip secondary filter
 Secondary
Primary Filter
Indexing Filter
Phase
1 2 15 16
1.
4 3 14 13

5 8 9 12
3.
6 7 10 11
2.

5. Apply
1.
2.
3.
4. Overlay
Identify
Intersecting
actual
grids
a grid
grids
CLR
for
onquery
spatial
method
the
identifies
spatial
object(s)
on
object to store
candidates to find
in index
matches
 /4/2/3/1
/
(cell 0)

Deepest-cell Optimization: Only keep the lowest level cell in index

Covering Optimization: Only record higher level cells when all lower
cells are completely covered by the object
Cell-per-object Optimization: User restricts max number of cells per object
 0 cell at least
Spatial
touches
Reference
the object
ID (but not 1 or 2)
Varbinary(5)
1 guarantee Have
thatto
objectencoding
be thepartially
same to covers
produce
cell
15 columns and 2895 byte of limitation
grid
object covers cell
matchcell id
Prim_key geography Prim_key cell_id srid cell_attr
1 0x00007 42 0
1 g1
3 0x00007 42 1
2 g2 3 0x0000A 42 2
3 g3 3 0x0000B 42 0
3 0x0000C 42 1
Base Table T 1 0x0000D 42 0
2 0x00014 42 1

CREATE SPATIAL INDEX sixd Internal Table for sixd

ON T(geography)
 Create index example GEOMETRY:
CREATE SPATIAL INDEX sixd ON spatial_table(geom_column)
WITH (BOUNDING_BOX = (0, 0, 500, 500),
GRIDS = (LOW, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH),
CELLS_PER_OBJECT = 20)

Create index example GEOGRAPHY:

CREATE SPATIAL INDEX sixd ON spatial_table(geogr_column)
USING GEOGRAPHY_GRID
WITH (GRIDS = (LOW, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH),
CELLS_PER_OBJECT = 20)

NEW IN SQL Server 2012 (equivalent to default creation):

CREATE SPATIAL INDEX sixd ON spatial_table(geom_column)
USING GEOGRAPHY_AUTO_GRID
WITH (CELLS_PER_OBJECT = 20)

14 Use ALTER and DROP INDEX for maintenance.

Geometry:
STIntersects() = 1

STOverlaps() = 1

STEquals()= 1
STTouches() = 1

STWithin() = 1

STContains() = 1
STDistance() < val
STDistance() <= val
Nearest Neighbor
Filter() = 1
 Itself
Ancestors
Descendants
7 7.2 7.2.4

Spatial Index S
Optional Sort Remove dup ranges
T(@g)

Ranges
Spatial Index Seek
 Fully contained
cells
Partially
contained cells
 Optimal value (theoretical) is
somewhere between two extremes

Default values: Time needed to

512 - Geometry AUTO grid process false positives
768 - Geography AUTO grid
1024 - SELECT
MANUAL grids
* FROM table t WITH(SPATIAL_WINDOW_MAX_CELLS=256)
WHERE t.geom.STIntersects(@window)=1;
 Give me the closest 5 Italian restaurants

SQL Server 2008/2008 R2: table scan

SQL Server 2012: uses spatial index

SELECT TOP(5) *
FROM Restaurants r
WHERE r.type = Italian
AND r.pos.STDistance(@me) IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY r.pos.STDistance(@me)
Find the closest 50 business points to a specific location (out of 22 million in total)
sp_spatial_help_geometry_histogram
sp_spatial_help_geography_histogram
Used for spatial data and index analysis
Arguments
Parameter Type Description
@tabname nvarchar(776) the name of the table for which the index has been specified

@indexname sysname the index name to be investigated

@verboseoutput tinyint 0 core set of properties is reported
1 all properties are being reported
@query_sample geometry A representative query sample that will be used to test the
usefulness of the index. It may be a representative object or a
query window.

PropName: nvarchar(256) PropValue: sql_variant

Parameter Type Description
@tabname nvarchar(776) the name of the table for which the index has been
specified
@indexname sysname the index name to be investigated
@verboseoutput tinyint 0 core set of properties is reported
1 all properties are being reported
@query_sample geography A representative query sample that will be used to
test the usefulness of the index. It may be a
representative object or a query window.

@xml_output xml This is an output parameter that contains the

returned properties in an XML fragment
Property Type Description
Base_Table_Rows Bigint All Number of rows in the base table
Index properties - All index properties: bounding box, grid densities, cell per object
Total_Primary_Index_R Bigint All Number of rows in the index
ows
Total_Primary_Index_P Bigint All Number of pages in the index
ages
Total_Number_Of_Obje Bigint Core Indicates whether the representative query sample falls outside of the
ctCells_In_Level0_For_ bounding box of the geometry index and into the root cell (level 0 cell). This is
QuerySample either 0 (not in level 0 cell) or 1. If it is in the level 0 cell, then the
investigated index is not an appropriate index for the query sample.

Total_Number_Of_Obje Bigint Core Number of cell instances of indexed objects that are tessellated in level 0. For
ctCells_In_Level0_In_I geometry indexes, this will happen if the bounding box of the index is smaller
ndex than the data domain.
A high number of objects in level 0 may require a costly application of
secondary filters if the query window falls partially outside the bounding box.
If the query window falls inside the bounding box, having a high number of
objects in level 0 may actually improve the performance.
Property Type Description
Number_Of_Rows_Selected_By_Primary_ bigint Core P = Number of rows selected by the primary filter.
Filter
Number_Of_Rows_Selected_By_Internal_ bigint Core S = Number of rows selected by the internal filter. For
Filter these rows, the secondary filter is not called.

Number_Of_Times_Secondary_Filter_Is_ bigint Core Number of times the secondary filter is called.

Called
Percentage_Of_Rows_NotSelected_By_Pri float Core Suppose there are N rows in the base table, suppose P
mary_Filter are selected by the primary filter. This is (N-P)/N as
percentage.
Percentage_Of_Primary_Filter_Rows_Sele float Core This is S/P as a percentage. The higher the percentage,
cted_By_Internal_Filter the better is the index in avoiding the more expensive
secondary filter.

Number_Of_Rows_Output bigint Core O=Number of rows output by the query.

Internal_Filter_Efficiency float Core This is S/O as a percentage.
Primary_Filter_Efficiency float Core This is O/P as a percentage. The higher the efficiency is,
the less false positives have to be processed by the
secondary filter.
 http://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/updated-spatial-features-in-the-sql-
azure-q4-2011-service-release.aspx

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