Aliran laminer:
i = dh / dl
Liran airtanah dalam akuifer (media berpori) akan mengikuti hukum Darcy
Hydraulic head
hp h
h = hydraulic head
z = elevation head
hp= pressure head
z
P
h z
g
P gh p
h z hp
Definisi hydraulic head pada sebuah titik
P( A)
h( A) z ( A) (1)
w
Datum
Example: Static water table
1. Calculation of head at A
P (A) 4 w
2m
1m X z (A) 1
5 m thus
A 4 w
1m h( A) 1 5m
Impermeable stratum w
Example: Static water table
2. Calculation of head at X
P ( X) w
2m
1m X z ( X) 4
5 m thus
A w
1m h ( X) 4 5m
Impermeable stratum w
The heads at A and X are identical does this imply that the head
is constant throughout the region below a static water table?
Example: Static water table
3. Calculation of head at A
2m P (A) = 4 w
1m X z( A) = -4
5m thus
A
1m 4 w
Impermeable stratum h (A) = - 4 = 0m
w
Example: Static water table
4. Calculation of head at X
2m P (X) 1 w
1m X z( X) -1
5m thus
A
1m w
h ( X) - 1 0m
Impermeable stratum w
P1 p gh p
hf P2 f gh f
hp
p
hf h p
P1
z
P2
f
Water flow through soil
Dh
Soil Sample
DL
Darcy found that the flow (volume per unit time) was
L Q
hA - hB dh
Q - KA - KA
L dl
Hydraulic conductivity
Hydraulic conductivity may be referred to as the
coefficient of permeability;
-Q - ( L3 / T )
K K 2
Adh / dL
L L / L
g
K k k
= specific weight, = dynamic viscosity.
Measurement of permeability
inlet
constant head
device
load
H
Manometers
outlet
VL
k
AHT (3)
Measurement of permeability
Standpipe of
cross-sectional
area a
porous disk
H1
H
Sample H2
L of area A
aL ln( H1 / H 2 )
k (4c)
A t 2 - t1
Typical permeability values
10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12
A v x -k H ix
Dz dimana
B C h(C ) - h( B)
Dx ix
O x Dx
jadi
h
vx -k H
x
Definition of Hydraulic Gradients
A v z - k z iz
Dz dimana
B C h( A) - h( B )
Dx iz
O x Dz
jadi
h
vz -kv
z
Gradient of the potentiometric surface
92
90
81
80
70
63
Aquifer characteristics
Transmissivity(T) is a measure of the amount of water that can be transmitted
horizontally through a unit width of the full saturated thickness of the aquifer under a
hydraulic gradient of 1.
T = Kb.
K= hydraulic conductivity,
b = saturated thickness of the aquifer
Storativity (S) or coefficient of storage; is the volume of water that a permeable unit
will absorb or expel from storage per unit surface are per unit change in head.
Specific storage (Ss) is the amount of water per unit volume of a saturated formation
that is stored or expelled from storage owing the compressibility of the mineral
skeleton and the pore water per unit change in head. Jacob expression ;
S s w g n
w = the density of the water (ML-3),
g = the acceleration of gravity (LT-2),
= the compressibility of the aquifer skeleton (1/(M/LT2)),
= the compressibility of the water (1/(M/LT2)),
n = the porosity (L3/L3)
z
aquifer Flow
x
Impermeable bedrock
Flow into a soil element
vz
vx D Soil B Dz
Element
A
Dx
Netflow (vx ( B)
- vx ( D))DyDz (vz (C ) - vz ( A))DxDy
vx vz
0
x z
Continuity Equation
v x v z
Continuity Equation 0
x z
+ Darcy's Law
+
h
vx -k H
x
Darcys Law
h
vz -k V
z
h h
Flow equation (k H ) (k V ) 0
x x z z
h h
Flow equation (k H ) (k V ) 0
x x z z
h
2
h 2
For a homogeneous soil kH 2 kV 2 0
x z
h h
2 2
For an isotropic soil 0
x 2
z 2
Equations of Groundwater flow
Confined aquifer ; 2 h 2 h S h
2
x 2
y T t
Unconfined aquifer;
2 h 2 h S y h
2
x 2
y Kb t
Flow net
The method of flow-net construction presented here
is based on the following assumptions;
The aquifer is homogeneous
The aquifer is fully saturated
The aquifer is isotropic
There is no change in the potential field with time
The soil and water are incompressible
Flow is laminar, and Darcys law is valid
All boundary conditions are known
Flow net (continued)
Steps in making a flow net
Sketch the flow system and identify prefixed flow lines and
equipotential lines.
Identify prefixed end positions of flow lines and equipotential lines.
Draw trial set of flow lines
Draw trial set of equipotential lines orthogonal to flow lines.
dh
q ' Kb
dl
K is hydraulic conductivity
b is aquifer thickness
dh/dl is slope of potentiometric surface
Steady flow in an unconfined
aquifer
Employ Dupuit assumptions;
The hydraulic gradient is equal to the slope of the water table
For small water table gradient, the streamlines are horizontal
and the equipotential lines are vertical.
Dupuit equation;
1 h1 - h2
2 2
q' K
2 L
Example problems
A sand aquifer has a median grain diameter of 0.050 cm. For pure water at
150C, what is the greatest velocity for which Darcys law is valid.
= 0.999 x 103 kg/cm3
= 1.14 x 10-2 g/s.cm