Temporary Overvoltages in Power System

Transients in Power System
Temporary OverVoltages in Power System
Lecture # 11
BY
Prof. Dr. Suhail Aftab Qureshi

1
Elect. Engg. Deptt. UET, Lahore.
Temporary Over Voltages
Introduction
IEC standards distinguish between lightning over-voltages, switching

over-voltages and temporary over-voltage.
1) Lightening over-voltages.
2) Switching over-voltages.
3) Temporary over-voltages.
2
Temporary Over Voltages
Temporary Over-Voltage
A temporary over voltage is an oscillatory phase to earth or phase to
phase over- voltage of relatively long duration and which is
undamped or only weakly damped.
Lightening and switching over-voltages are of short duration and
usually highly damped.
Both switching and temporary over voltages occur as a result of a
switching operation or the initiation or clearance of a fault.
As a consequence it is sometimes difficult to make a clear distinction
between these two types of over-voltages.
3
Effects of Temporary OverVoltages on
power system
Temporary over-voltage may have different effects on the
system. Among them are;
1) Flashover of insulators
2) Puncture of internal insulation if magnitude is high.
3) Heating of transformer.
4) Heating of the reactor cores.
5) Mechanical damage to the shaft of turbo generator under
condition of subsychronous resonance.
6) Reseal properties of surge diverters is affected.
7) Thermal stability of the arrestors is also disturbed
sometimes. 4
Temporary OverVoltages
Types of Temporary Over-Voltage
An attempt has been made to classify temporary over-voltage in to

three groups.
Temporary over-voltages with a frequency of oscillation

equal to or very close to the power frequency.

higher than power frequency.

lower than power frequency.
5
Types of Temporary OverVoltages on power
system
(A) Power Frequency Over-Voltages
These are steady or quasi-steady state over-voltage which occurs

quite frequently and are due to;
(A1) Sudden loss of load.

(A2) Asymmetrical short circuits.
(A3) Capacitance effects on long open circuited lines.
(A4) Switching of line with un-loaded Transformer or, open
circuited single-Phase Auto-reclosure.
(A5) Energization of Composite Feeders.
6
A- Power Frequency Temporary OverVoltages
(A-1) Sudden Loss of Load
When load is suddenly removed from the end of a long

transmission line, a rise in voltage occurs at the end of the
line.
Load
Load
V
Open it
7
The magnitude of this voltage rise depends upon.
(1) Line length.

(2) Reactance of the source.
(3) The load which is rejected.
a) More the length more will be the over voltage.

V2
b) More will the short circuit MVA, less will be over-voltage, X
S
c) More the load removed more will be the over-voltage
8
Consider a circuit to understand the effects of different parameter
on over- voltage.
1000MW
PS 1200MVA 300 KM Line
+ LOAD
250MVA
250MVA
After
disconnection
1.4 3000
4000
1.3 3000
1.2 4000
1.1
Short Circuit
Before disconnected MVA
1.0
0.9
Open
end
Along the line
9
V2
X
S
More MVA short circuit, less will be the voltage rise compared with
less MVA short circuit more will be the voltage rise.
Dark lines represents 50HZ frequency dotted lines represents 53Hz

Frequency when load is removed there will be an increase in the
generator speed before the governor acts. This increase in the
generator speed leads to an increased generator voltage and
frequency.
10
The increase in frequency means that the shunt reactors are not as
effective.
XL
X L WL
X L 2 fL
f increase
X L increase
Lesscurrentdraw
11
Over voltage also depends on how much load is rejected if more
load is rejected then more will be the overvoltage.
PL = ?
PSc 1200MVA T.L
250MVA
50HZ
250MVA
1.4
1.3
Loads
(PL)
1.2
1200MW
O.V
1.1
600MW
1.0 400MW
200 400 600
Short circuit MVA

12
(A-2) Asymmetrical Short Circuit Faults
A very high proportion of this faults on power system networks are

single phase to earth. Under this fault condition, an increase in the
voltages of the healthy phase takes place, giving rise to a temporary
over-voltage depends upon the zero sequence parameters of the
faulted network and reaches the phase to phase value in the case of
an isolated neutral system.
13
Most Frequent faults on the lines are single line to ground, due to
such a fault, the voltage of the healthy Phase is increased. The
maximum voltage increased on healthy phase is in the case when
neutral is insulated.
VH
VH VPh
Fault
14
Earlier practice was to consider a system effectively

earthed when X0 / X1 3 and R0
X1
1 which meant a
temporary over-voltage of less than 1.4 but this definition
has now been abandoned. Earthling conditions are now
characterized by an Earth Fault Factor (EFF),
15
High power frequencyvoltageinany phaseduring fault

E.F .F
NormalPhasetoearthVoltage
without fault
V
EFF H
Vph
A similar temporary over-voltage caused by imbalance will

occur on the healthy phase under double phase to earth
fault.
16
There has been a trend on some systems even at H.V and

EHV levels to leave some of the transformer neutrals
isolated. This leads to a higher earth fault factor and to
higher temporary over-voltages during earth faults (LLG).
17
(A-3) Capacitance effects on long lines

A power frequency voltage rise is caused when capacitive circuit
are fed from a high inductance source.
Ferranti Effect Always

L
V>E
C V
E
18
This is the case of an open circuit long line.
XT Open end
Xg
VR > VS
VR
Vs
The voltage rise in the open line is due to the Ferranti effect.
19
A typical configurations which leads to the condition are shown in

figures below.
20

The mean value from the survey was 1.15 P.U. Values of
voltage on the receiving end, higher than 1.5 P.U corresponds
to less realistic cases. It is only possible in a badly design
systems.
21
(A-4) Open Circuits and Single-phase Reclosure

Resonant conditions at power frequency can occur when
switching a line associated with an unloaded transformer.
T.L
Transformer
XL = XC . Under resonance Conditions
Similar situation occurs if a delay in the closing of one phase of

the circuit breaker occur, the positive sequence network is in
series with parallel connected negative and zero sequence
network. (equivalent to double line to ground faults)
22
Transformer
C.B LINE
Net work
ZN1 Z4
zT1
Zc1
Connection
of
ZN2 Zc2
sequence
network
Zc2 zT2
ZN0 ZL0
Zc0 zT0
23
A resonant condition then occurs at the line length

which makes the (+ive) and zero sequence reactance
equal at the power frequency.
It is not essential for exact resonance to be achieved

large values of voltage can still occur as the peak of
the resonance curve is approached with considering
the saturation effect the peak values are reduce.
24
25
This phenomena can also occur on lines having a high

degree of shunt reactor compensation.
26
Potential resonance situations should be avoided if at all

possible.
A better method is to avoid as far as possible the

switching of transformer terminate lines and to avoid
dangerous amounts of shunt reactor compensations.
A B
Open Open
It is always better Ist close A and then close B.

27
(A-5) Energisation of Composite Feeders
The simplest composite feeder consists of two components

having different characteristics and which may be extended
to large number of such combinations. In case of a line and
a cable the parameters of the circuits are distributed and
each circuit has a frequency which is determined by its
length and velocity of propagation.
Types of composite Feeders;
a) Overhead line and cable.

b) Transformer Terminated feeder.
28

(a) Over head line & cable
The simplest example of a composite feeder is probably
that of a length of cable connected in series with a
length of overhead line to form a transmission circuit,
the whole being switched as a single unit.
Such combinations are common at all voltage level

although at the highest voltage the cable length is often
very short compared with that of the overhead line,
whereas at the lower levels the cable is quite likely to
be as long as, if not longer than overhead line.
29
A
Z=0 Z c 10 C
Z L 300
B
Overhead line.
Cable
Z C 10
Z L 300
4.P.u
4.0
3.0
VB (P.u) 2.0
1.0
Time
Case - l (a) Energyisation From A, and Voltage at (B)
VA 2.0
(P.u)
1.0
Time
Case-ll (b) Energisation from (B) and Voltage at (A) 30
A- Power Frequency Tempory OverVoltages
Consideration of the conditions at the junction of line and cable will
show that because (Zc << ZL) the surge impedance of the line is much
larger than that of the cable, a large proportion of any incoming wave
from cable will be reflected back to the source.
Z 2 Z1
KR
Z1 Z 2
2Z 2
KT
Z1 Z 2
The associated transmission coefficient at the junction will have a value
of 2.0 consequently if the feeder is energized at peak voltage from the
cable end, a traveling wave of almost 2.0 P.U may be transmitted into
the overhead line at the line/cable junction.
On arrival at the open circuited end of the line, doubling will occur and
produces a voltage approaching 4.0 P.U at that point.
31
E 2E
2E
4E
Cable T.L
KT= 2
2E
0.6E
0.6E
Cable
1.2E T.L
KT < 1
0.6E
32
On the otherhand if the feeder is energized from the over

head line end, the KT (Transmission coefficient) for waves
traveling from the line into the cable will be much less than
unity with result that the voltage at the open circuited
cable end of feeder will have a much slower wavefront
than is the previous case.
33
(b) Transformer Terminated feeder
From which it may be seen that there is a best end from

which to energise the feeder. It is knows as Best end
switching.
In a composite feeder energization it is always better to
energies the feeder from the transmission line end of the
line.
34

Transformer
With a transformer feeder, one circuit is distributed and

the other may be regarded as a lumped series inductance
capacitance circuit at the instant of energisation from the
line end of the feeder.
35

Under these circumstances the inductance is the leakage

inductance of the transformer, and capacitance is that seen
at the open circuit transformer secondary and is made up
of transformer stray capacitance to earth together with the
capacitance of any short cable used to connect the
transformer to its circuit breaker. The natural frequency of
this circuit is determined by the values of the inductance
and capacitance.
Similar conditions also exist in the case of an underground

cable terminated in a transformer.
36
1 P.u VB
B 2 P.u 2 P.u
2
4
1
fl
2 3 5 6T 7 4
Energisation of an overhead line alone from a zero

impedance source results in the generation of a sequre
wave voltage at the open end of the line due to the
reflection at the line terminations of initial energizing
voltage step.
37

Neglecting losses the amplitude of this sequare wave is
1
twice that of the energizing step and its frequency is f l
4T
Where T is propagation time of the line. If the line is
terminated by an oscillatory circuit consisting of inductance
and capacitance in series, then transformer frequency, ft is
given as below;
1
ft
2 LC
38

L
G
fl Line frequency
ft Tranforemer frequency
Condition may exist when fl = ft (or close to each other)

39

At this time resonance will take place and high

overvoltage are produced across the inductance and
capacitance of the circuit.
Sometimes a line is terminated in a transformer bank

rather than a single transformer. Often the transformers
step down to different voltage levels, are of different
rating and have different x-tics.
40
The results of a calculation of the transient overvoltage

produced when a line terminated in two transformer of
different x-tics is energized from a zero impedance
source at a peak supply voltage wave.
Under these conditions the voltage on the line side of the
transformer is a distorted squarewave and large voltage
appears on the secondary of T2. The frequency of
transformer T1 is less than the line frequency and the
voltage on its secondary side is very much less under
these conditions.
41
V3 L1 V1
1 2
C1
V
V2
L2
C2
Example
42
43
L
ZTC1 SmallasCisl arg e
C
L1
ZTC1 5300
C1
L2
ZTC 2 33000
C2
44
Temporary Overvoltage
(B) High Frequency Temporary OverVoltages
(B1) Sudden loss of load

(B2) Energisation of transformer
High Frequency temporary overvoltage due to harmonic

resonance are caused, for example by loss of load or by
switching a transformer.
Severe harmonic resonance is usually limited to systems

with substantial capacitance, i.e with long lines, cables or
capacitors.
45
Temporary Overvoltage
B- High Frequency Temporary OverVoltages
(B1) Sudden Loss of Load

Loss of load, and the consequent voltage rise can cause
saturation in transformers and the production of
harmonics. Such type of Overloads can damage the
surge diverter.
(B2) Energisation of Transformer Terminated

Line
Energisation of lines terminated in transformers can
lead to temporary overvoltage caused by harmonic
resonance.
46
High Frequency Temporary Overvoltage
(B2) Energisation of Transformer Terminated Line
1500MVA 1500MVA
150MVAR
OR
Transformer
47
The receiving end voltage contains higher harmonics especially the

5th which resulted in an over-voltage of 1.7P.U . Although these
harmonics are essentially transient in nature, they act more like
temporary O.V because of their long duration.
The over-voltage occurring with transformer terminated lines are
caused by transformer saturation. The over-votage are of Transient
nature but can last a long time depending on the slow
demagnetization of unloaded transformer cores.
The over voltages can be reduced to some extent by surge
arresters. However as long as the transformer remains saturated the
voltage will start increasing again once the surge arrester current is
extinguished.
48
This could then cause a renewed operation of the a

arrester. Surge arresters must be specially designed to be
able to operate for this type of over-voltage in order to
avoid being over loaded by large number of consecutive
operation.
The best way to avoid this type of O.V is to avoid low side switching
and switching of transformer terminated lines altogether. If this is
impossible care must be exercised in selecting proper reactor control.
49
Low Frequency Temporary Overvoltages
C1) Sub-Harmonic Oscillations in L and C

circuits.
C2) Sub-Synchronous Resonance.
50
Low Frequency Temporary Overvoltages
C1) Sub-Harmonic Oscillations in L and C

circuits
These overvoltage are due to sub-Harmonic Oscillations
and can occur in circuit containing C and L if later is
non-linear. Example are series compensated lines where
after the fault has cleared but capacitor remain connected
between the non-linear inductor and source.
Open
51
Low Frequency Temporary Overvoltage
C1) Sub-Harmonic oscillations in L & C circuits

Open
They may also occur if a power transformer remains

connected to a source and to a large capacitor e.g long
lines, cables after a fault condition or switching operation.
The sub harmonic oscillation means a frequency division
for example 1/3 and can only exist with in those parameter
regions where such a division in possible.
They are not very common in Power systems. Non-linear
resistors i.e surge diviters are quite effective in preventing
sustain subharmonic oscillations.
52
Low Frequency Temporary overvoltages
(C2) Sub-Synchronous Resonance
A different type of subharmonic resonance can be

created by combine electrical and mechanical oscillation
in the case of a turbine generator set feeding a large
network via a long series compensated line.
If the sum of electrical resonant frequency determined

by the inductance and capacitance of the system, and
the mechanical resonant frequency, given by the
masses of the turbine generator set and the tortional
properties of the shaft, is equal to the system
frequency, an unstable condition exists for which a
small disturbance can cause complex electrical and
mechanical oscillations i.e
53
fe resonant fmresonant fsystem

f e 18cps
f m 32cps
ft 18 32 cps f e f m
ft 50
f System 50
If ft = fsystem Subsynchronous Resonance take place.
54
Subsychronous resonance arise when synchronous

machines are closely coupled to transmission lines which
are highly compensated by series capacitors.
For the system shown below Electrical resonate frequency

is 32 Hz and the mechanical resonant frequency is 18Hz. A
short circuit with a duration of 0.1secs is assumed to occur
at the Busbar between the transformer and the line.
The resonant conditions are most pronounced in the line

current, and hence the series, capacitor voltage and in the
shaft torque.
55
56
A resistor across the series capacitor acts as an excellent

damping element. The above fig shows the result of a non-
linear resistor inserted across the capacitor for 0.27 sec.
The system is stable as long as the resistor is in circuit but

as soon as the resistor is removed instability occurs.
Maximum chances are in the thermal station where there

are turbines, and where there are series compensation.
57

Temporary Overvoltages in Power System

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Temporary Overvoltages in Power System

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Transients in Power System

Temporary OverVoltages in Power System

Prof. Dr. Suhail Aftab Qureshi

IEC standards distinguish between lightning over-voltages, switching

Types of Temporary Over-Voltage

An attempt has been made to classify temporary over-voltage in to

Temporary over-voltages with a frequency of oscillation

Temporary over-voltages with a frequency of oscillation

Temporary over-voltages with a frequency of oscillation

These are steady or quasi-steady state over-voltage which occurs

(A1) Sudden loss of load.

(A-1) Sudden Loss of Load

When load is suddenly removed from the end of a long

(A-1) Sudden Loss of Load

The magnitude of this voltage rise depends upon.

(1) Line length.

a) More the length more will be the over voltage.

(A-1) Sudden Loss of Load

Dark lines represents 50HZ frequency dotted lines represents 53Hz

Short circuit MVA

(A-2) Asymmetrical Short Circuit Faults

A very high proportion of this faults on power system networks are

(A-2) Asymmetrical Short Circuit Faults

Earlier practice was to consider a system effectively

(A-2) Asymmetrical Short Circuit Faults

High power frequencyvoltageinany phaseduring fault

A similar temporary over-voltage caused by imbalance will

(A-2) Asymmetrical Short Circuit Faults

There has been a trend on some systems even at H.V and

(A-3) Capacitance effects on long lines

Ferranti Effect Always

(A-3) Capacitance effects on long lines

This is the case of an open circuit long line.

(A-3) Capacitance effects on long lines

A typical configurations which leads to the condition are shown in

(A-3) Capacitance effects on long lines

(A-4) Open Circuits and Single-phase Reclosure

XL = XC . Under resonance Conditions

Similar situation occurs if a delay in the closing of one phase of

(A-4) Open Circuits and Single-phase Reclosure

(A-4) Open Circuits and Single-phase Reclosure

A resonant condition then occurs at the line length

It is not essential for exact resonance to be achieved

(A-4) Open Circuits and Single-phase Reclosure

(A-4) Open Circuits and Single-phase Reclosure

This phenomena can also occur on lines having a high

(A-4) Open Circuits and Single-phase Reclosure

Potential resonance situations should be avoided if at all

A better method is to avoid as far as possible the

It is always better Ist close A and then close B.

(A-5) Energisation of Composite Feeders

The simplest composite feeder consists of two components

a) Overhead line and cable.

(A-5) Energisation of Composite Feeders

Such combinations are common at all voltage level

Case - l (a) Energyisation From A, and Voltage at (B)

(A-5) Energisation of Composite Feeders

(a) Over head line & cable

On the otherhand if the feeder is energized from the over

(A-5) Energisation of Composite Feeders

(b) Transformer Terminated feeder

From which it may be seen that there is a best end from

(A-5) Energisation of Composite Feeders