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 anatomy of the
Nervous system

for year 1 regular midwifery students

by: zelalem. A
Classification of the nervous system
Topographically
Central nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
Functionally
Motor
Somatic
Autonomic
Sensory
Somatic
visceral BY; Zelalem.A 3
 Functions of the nervous system

1. Regulate coordinate and control the functions and

activities of each organ
2. Initiate and control movements
3. Process and conduct impulses from the sense
organs
4. It processes and interprets the sensory input and
makes decisions about what should be done
5. It dictates a response by activating the effector
organs
BY; Zelalem.A 4
 Central nervous system

the central nervous system consists of

1. Brain housed in the cranium
2. spinal cord-surrounded by the vertebral column

BY; Zelalem.A 5
 BRAIN

the major regions of the brain are

cerebrum
diencephalons
Brainstem
cerebellum

BY; Zelalem.A 6
 A. cerebrum
the largest portion of the brain
divided in to left and right hemispheres
incompletely by longitudinal cerebral fissure
which goes down to corpus callosum
 B. Diencephalon
the part of the brain b/n the brainstem and
cerebrum

its main components are

the thalamus,

hypothalamus and

epithalamus

BY; Zelalem.A 9
BY; Zelalem.A 10
 1. Thalamus
it is the largest portion (80%) of the diencephalons and forms the
superolateral walls of the third ventricle .

Thalamus is a Greek word meaning inner room, which well

describes this deep brainregion.

consists of two large lateral lobes and an interconnecting

intermediate mass (interthalamic adhesion)
it consists of a cluster of nuclei and most sensory nerve tracts that
ascends from spinal cord and brain stem synapse in the thalamus

Many of the functions of the thalamus are concerned with

sensation.

The thalamus integrates the impulses from the cutaneous

receptors and from the cerebellum, that is, puts them together in a
sort of electrochemical package, so that the cerebrum feels the
whole and is able to interpret the sensation quickly.
BY; Zelalem.A 11
BY; Zelalem.A 12
 2. Hypothalamus

it is the most inferior portion of the diencephalons and

contains several small nuclei.
FUNCTION
Controls the autonomic nervous system
Production of hormones
Regulation of emotional and behavioural patterns
Regulation of eating and drinking
Control of body temperature
maintaining homeostasis

BY; Zelalem.A 13
 the hypothalamus is connected to the
pituitary gland and plays important role in
controlling the endocrine system
it includes structures such as optic chiasma,
mammillary body, infundibulum and
neurohypophysis

BY; Zelalem.A 14
 3. Epithalamus

it lies above the thalamus most dorsal part of the

diencephalon
the pineal body (gland) is located in the epithalamus
Controls sleeping pattern

BY; Zelalem.A 15
BY; Zelalem.A 16
 C.Brain stem
Brain stem is the upward continuation of the
spinal cord
it includes
1. medulla oblongata
2. pons
3. mid brain
it contains the nuclei of the last 10 cranial
nerves
BY; Zelalem.A 17
 I. mid brain
nuclei of oculomotor(III)
nuclei of Trochlear (IV)
II. pons
o Nuclei Of Trigeminal (V)
o Nuclei Of Abducent (VI)
o Nuclei Of Facial (VII)
o Nuclei Of Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
III. medulla oblongata-
Nuclei Of Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Nuclei Of Vagus(x)
Nuclei Of Cranial Root Of Accessory (XI)
Nuclei Of Hypoglossal (XII)

BY; Zelalem.A 18

Cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve) and cranial
nerve II ( optic nerve ) are attached to the
cerebrum
Accessory nerve has two roots cranial and
spinal root (the later arise from the sc) which
later join together in the cranium to form the
nerve

BY; Zelalem.A 19
 Mid brain
it is the smallest part of the brain stem, found just
superior to the pons

it connects the pons and cerebellum to the fore

brain (include the cerebrum and diencephalons)

the cavity of the mid brain is represented by a

narrow canal called the cerebral aqueduct. It
conducts CSF from the lateral and 3rd ventricle to the
4th ventricles

the cerebral aqueduct divides the mid brain in to

anterior and posterior parts
BY; Zelalem.A 20
 Pons
the Latin word pons means bridge
lies in the anterior part of the posterior
cranial fossa in front of the cerebellum and it
extend from medulla oblongata to the mid
brain
the cavity in the pons forms part of the
fourth ventricle

BY; Zelalem.A 22
 Medulla oblongata
the most inferior portion of the brain stem in the
posterior cranial fossa and continous with the
spinal cord at the foramen magnum

contains nuclei that regulate cardiovascular and

respiratory functions

distinctive characteristics of its ventral surface are

the elongated pyramids, which contain tracts
from the cerebral cortex

the posterior wall of medulla oblongata forms the

floor of fourth ventricle and has median
longitudinal sulcus
BY; Zelalem.A 23
BY; Zelalem.A 24
 D. Cerebellum
in Latin cerebellum means little brain
it lies posterior to pons and medulla oblongata and
extends laterally
it is separated from pons and medulla by the
activity of the 4th ventricle
it is covered superiorly by the tentorium cerebelli
that separates from the occipital lobe of cerebrum
the cerebellum consists of two cerebral
hemispheres joined by a narrow median vermis
BY; Zelalem.A 25
 cerebellum has fissure
- Primary fissure-v shaped
- Horizontal fissure and
- Transverse fissure

BY; Zelalem.A 26
 Meninges
Meninges are three connective tissue layers
that surrounds and protect the brain and
spinal cord
Cranial meninges
it consists of dura mater, arachinoid mater
and pia mater

BY; Zelalem.A 27
BY; Zelalem.A 28
 SPINAL CORD
located with in the vertebral canal of the vertebral
column

it extends from the foramen magnum of the occipital

bone to the level of the first lumbar vertebra (L1)

the spinal cord develops more slowly than the associated

vertebral column. Thus the spinal cord doesnt extend
through out the length of the vertebral column.

the terminal part of the spinal cord is called conus

medullaris.

The filum terminale, a fibrous strand composed of pia

mater, extends inferiorly from the conus medullaris to
BY; Zelalem.A
the coccyx 29
 nerve roots also radiate inferiorly from the conus
medularis through the vertebral canal and these
groups of nerves are termed as cauda equina
from the posterior view spinal cord contains
prominent enlargements
- cervical enlargement
- lumbar enlargement
Two groves formed by the deep anterior median
fissure and shallow posterior median sulcus
BY; Zelalem.A 30
BY; Zelalem.A 31
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 the PNS consists of sensory and motor neurons
the sensory neurons collect information and
convey to the CNS, while motor neurons convey
information from CNS to muscle and glands
the PNS can be divided structurally into two parts
- cranial nerves (consist of 12 pairs of nerves)
- spinal nerves (consist of 31 pairs of nerves

BY; Zelalem.A 33
Cranial nerves
arise from brain

12 cranial nerves are named in superior

inferior sequence as CNI to CN XII

have three general categories of cranial nerve

functions; sensory, somatic motor and
parasympathetic

BY; Zelalem.A 34
Cranial nerves Sensory motor parasympathetic

I olfactory yes no no

II Optic Yes no no

III Oculomotor no Yes Yes

IV Trochlear no Yes no

V Trigeminal Yes Yes no

VI Abducent no Yes no

BY; Zelalem.A 35
VII Facial yes Yes Yes

VIII Vestibulochochlear yes No No

IX Glossopharyngeal Yes Yes Yes

X Vagus Yes Yes yes

XI Accessory No Yes No

XII hypoglossal No yes No

1. Purely sensory nerves- I, II, &VIII

2. Primarly or exclusively motor nerves-III, IV, VI,XI,XII
3. mixed (motor and sensory) nerves-V,VII,IX,X

BY; Zelalem.A 36
Spinal nerves
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves,
- 8 cervical (C1-C8),
- 12 thoracic (T1-T12),
- 5 lumbar (L1-L5),
- 5sacral (S1-S5) and
- 1 coccygeal (Co1)
a mixed nerve attached to the spinal cord
at its origin the spinal nerve has two roots

BY; Zelalem.A 37
1. Anterior (ventral) root
- composed of motor fibers
- the axons of nerve cells in the anterior horn and
lateral horn
2. Posterior (dorsal) root
composed of sensory fibers
has swelling called posterior (dorsal) root ganglia
(DRG), where the cell bodies of sensory neurons
are located
Spinal nerve is formed as the fibers from the
posterior and anterior roots converge and
emerge through an intervertebral foramen
BY; Zelalem.A 38
BY; Zelalem.A 39
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