SYSTEM ONE

IMPROVING PUMP RELIABILITY

R. Antkowiak
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 Maintenance vs. Capital
What does a pump actually cost ?
Most plants regard the pump as a commodity...
purchased from the lowest bidder with little
consideration for:
The operation and maintenance cost of the pump over its life
cycle... which could be 20 - 30 years
Costs to be considered:
Spare parts (inventory costs)
Operation downtime (lost production)
Labor to repair (maintenance costs)
Power consumption based on pump efficiency
Environmental, disposal, and recycle costs

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 TRUE PUMP COSTS

Repair costs can easily exceed the price of a

new pump (several times) over its life of 20 -30
years
Documented Pump failures cost $4000 or more
per incident ( parts and labor)
If MTBF was improved from 1 to 2 years for a
pump in a tough application
Results in savings of $2000 /year over the life of
the pump

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 WHY PUMPS AND SEALS FAIL
MECHANICAL
Affects Bearings, Seals and Shafts
-EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL
1. Operation off the BEP
Affects Wet End Components,
2. Coupling Misalignment
3. Insufficient NPSH Bearings and seals
4. Poor Suction and Discharge
Piping Design 1. High Temperature
5. Pipe Strain / Thermal Expansion 2. Poor Lubrication
6 Impeller Clearance / Oil Contamination
7. Foundation and Baseplate 3. Corrosion
4. Erosion
-INTERNAL 5. Abrasion
1. Pump Design and Manufacturing
Tolerances
2. Impeller Balance (Mechanical and
Hydraulic)
3. Mechanical Seal Design
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 HOW ARE FAILURES INITIATED?
Installation
Piping system & Pipe Strain
Alignment
Mechanical Seal installation
Foundation
Operational
System: cavitation, dry running, shutoff
Product changes: viscosity, S.G., temp.
Seal controls: flush, cooling
Misapplication
Pump, seal, metallurgy selection
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 RADIAL LOAD
Operation of a pump away from the BEP results in higher
radial loads ...
creating vibration and shaft deflection

H
B.E.P
E
A
D

FLOW
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 Radial Forces
By design, uniform pressures exist around the
volute at the design capacity (BEP)
Resulting in low radial thrusts and minimal
deflection.
Operation at capacities higher or lower than the
BEP
Pressure distribution is not uniform resulting in
radial thrust on the impeller
Magnitude and direction of radial thrust changes
with capacity (and pump specific gravity)

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 Shaft Deflection
Most pumps do not operate at BEP:
Due to improper pump selection (oversized)
Changing process requirements (throttling)
Piping changes
Addition of more pipe, elbows and valves
System head variations
Change in suction pressure, discharge head reqd
Buildup in pipes
Filter plugged
Automatic control valve shuts off pump flow
Change in viscosity of fluid
Parallel operation problems (starving one pump)

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 PUMP SPECIFIC SPEED
CLASSIFIES IMPELLERS ON THE BASIS OF PERFORMANCE
AND PROPORTIONS REGARDLESS OF SIZE OR SPEED
FUNCTION OF IMPELLER PROPORTIONS
SPEED IN RPM AT WHICH AN IMPELLER WOULD OPERATE
IF REDUCED PROPORTIONALLY IN SIZE TO DELIVER 1
GPM AND TOTAL HEAD OF 1 FOOT
DESIGNATED BY SYMBOL Ns
Ns = RPM(GPM)1/2
H3/4
RPM = SPEED IN REVOLUTIONS / MINUTE
GPM = GALLONS /MINUTE AT BEST EFF. POINT
H = HEAD IN FEET AT BEST EFF. POINT

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 PUMP SPECIFIC SPEED (Metric)
CLASSIFIES IMPELLERS ON THE BASIS OF PERFORMANCE
AND PROPORTIONS REGARDLESS OF SIZE OR SPEED
FUNCTION OF IMPELLER PROPORTIONS
SPEED IN RPM AT WHICH AN IMPELLER WOULD OPERATE
IF REDUCED PROPORTIONALLY IN SIZE TO DELIVER 1
M3/h AND TOTAL HEAD OF 1 M
DESIGNATED BY SYMBOL Ns
Ns = RPM(M3/h) 1/2
M 3/4
RPM = SPEED IN REVOLUTIONS / MINUTE
M3/h = CUBIC METERS PER HOUR AT BEST EFF. POINT
MH = HEAD IN METERS AT BEST EFF. POINT

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 PUMP TYPE VS. SPECIFIC SPEED

HEAD

HEAD, POWER
HEAD, POWER

HEAD, POWER
EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY

EFFICIENCY
POWER

CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY

CENTRIFUGAL VERTICAL TURBINE AXIAL FLOW

SPECIFIC SPEED, ns (Single Suction)

10 20 40 60 120 200 300 SI

500 1,000 2,000 3,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 US

RADIAL-VANE FRANCIS-VANE MIXED FLOW AXIAL FLOW

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 RADIAL FORCES ON IMPELLER

BEP
RADIAL LOAD

CUTWATER
125%
BEP 100%
FLOW

50%

% CAPACITY of
BEP
150%
SHUTOFF 0%
Length of Line = Force
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THE IMPORTANCE OF ALIGNMENT

Any degree of misalignment between the

motor and the pump shaft will cause
vibration in the pump
Every revolution of the coupling places a
load on the pump shaft and thrust bearing
At 3500 RPM, there will be 3500 pulses
per minute applied to the shaft and
bearing

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 MISALIGNMENT

MAY BE CAUSED BY:

Pipe strain
Thermal growth
Poor foundation / baseplate
Improper initial alignment
System vibration / cavitation
Soft foot on motor

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 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
(NPSH)
One of the more difficult characteristics to understand
In simplistic terms:
Providing enough pressure in the pump suction to
prevent vaporization of the fluid as it enters the eye of
the impeller
Two values to be considered:
NPSH available
Amount of pressure (head) in the system due to
atmospheric or liquid pressure, height of suction tank,
vapor pressure of the fluid and friction loss in the
suction pipe

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 NPSH cont.

NPSH required
Pressure reduction of the fluid as it enters the
pump
Determined by the pump design
Depends on impeller inlet, design, flow, speed
and nature of liquid
NPSH available must always be > NPSH
required by a minimum of 3-5 feet (1-1.5m)
margin

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 CAVITATION
Results if the NPSH available is less than the
NPSH required
Occurs when the pressure at any point inside the
pump drops below the vapor pressure
corresponding to the temperature of the liquid
The liquid vaporizes and forms cavities of vapor
Bubbles are carried along in a stream until a
region of higher pressure is reached where they
collapse or implode with tremendous shock on
the adjacent wall
Sudden rush of liquid into the cavity created by
the collapsed vapor bubbles causes mechanical
destruction (cavitation erosion or pitting)
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 CAVITATION cont.

Efficiency will be reduced as energy is

consumed in the formation of bubbles
Water @ 70oF (20oC)will increase in volume
about 54,000 times when vaporized
Erosion and wear do not occur at the point
of lowest pressure where the gas pockets are
formed, but farther upstream at the point
where the implosion occurs
Pressures up to 150,000 psi have been
estimated at the implosion (1,000,000 Kpa)
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 RELATIVE PRESSURES
IN THE PUMP SUCTION
E

D
A B C

TURBULENCE,
FRICTION, INCREASING
ENTRANCE FRICTION ENTRANCE PRESSURE
LOSS DUE TO
LOSS
AT VANE TIPS IMPELLER

VAPORIZATION STARTS
PRESSURE WHERE
POINT OF LOWEST
INCREASING
PRESSURE

A B C D E
POINTS ALONG LIQUID PATH
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NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
AVAILABLE

H f in suction
(friction
PAtmospheric pipe)

NPSH Available = P Atm. - Pvap. pressure - Z - Hf

Correct for specific gravity
All terms in feet (meters) absolute

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 Results of Operating Off BEP
High Temp. Rise
Low Flow Cavitation
Discharge Recirculation
Low Brg. & Seal Life
Reduced Impeller Life
Head

Suction Recirculation
BEP
Low Brg. & Seal Life
Cavitation

Flow
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TEMPERATURE RISE
Overheating of the liquid in the casing can cause:
Rubbing or seizure from thermal expansion
Vaporization of the liquid and excessive vibration
Accelerated corrosive attack by certain chemicals
Temperature rise per minute at shutoff is:
T oF (oC) / min.= HP (KW)so x K
Gal (m3) x S.G. x S.H.
HPso = HP (KW) @ shutoff from curve
Gal. (m3) = Liquid in casing
S.G. = Specific gravity of fluid
S.H. = Specific heat of fluid
Ex.: Pump w/ 100HP (75KW) @s.o. , 6.8 gal casing (.03m3)
w/ 60oF (16oC) water would reach boiling in 2 min.
A recirculation line is a possible solution to the low flow or
shut off operation problems.... 8/00
 CASING GROWTH
DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE

ROTATION
10 inches
250 mm
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION FOR 316 S/S
IS 9.7X10-6 IN/IN/F OR 17.5 X10-6 MM/MM/C
CALCULATION IS T x 9.7 X10-6 X LENGTH IN INCHES
T x 17.5X10-6 X LENGTH IN MILLIMETERS

EXPANSION
T F T C INCHES MILLIMETERS
100 F 55 C 0.0097 IN 0.245 MM
200 F 110 C 0.0190 IN 0.490 MM
300 F 165 C 0.0291 IN 0.735 MM
400 F 220 C 0.0388 IN 0.900 MM
500 F 275 C 0.0485 IN 1.230 MM
600 F 330 C 0.0582 IN 1.470 MM

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 IMPELLER CLEARANCE

Critical for open impellers

Normal setting .015 (.38mm) off front cover
High temperature requires more clearance
- Potential rubbing problem causes vibration
and high bearing loads
- Set impeller .002 (.05mm) addl clearance
for every 500 F (280C) over ambient temp.
Important for maximum efficiency

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 IMPELLER BALANCE
MECHANICAL

- Weight offset from center of impeller

- Balance by metal removal from vane
HYDRAULIC

- Vane in eye offset from impeller C/L

- Variation in vane thickness
- Results in uneven flow paths thru impeller
- Investment cast impeller eliminates
problem
- Careful machining setup can help

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TYPICAL ANSI (or DIN) PROCESS PUMP

Small dia. shaft with excessive overhang

Stuffing box designed for packing
Shaft sleeve
Light to medium duty bearings
Rubber lip seals protecting the bearings
Snap ring retains thrust bearing in housing
Shaft adjustment requires dial indicator
Double row thrust bearing
Cast jacket on bearing frame for cooling
Small oil reservoir
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ANSI (ISO/DIN) STANDARD PUMPS

Industry standards for dimensions based on

requirements for packed pumps
Shaft overhang a function of # packing rings
and space for gland and repack accessibility
Clearance between shaft and box bore based
on packing cross-section

If most pumps today use mechanical seals -

why do we continue to use inferior designs
made for packing ??

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 BEARING OIL SEALS
Rubber Lip Seals Provided To Protect Bearings in
standard ANSI pumps
Have life of less than four months
Groove shaft in first 30 days of operation
External contamination causes bearing failure

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 LIP SEAL LIFE

AUTOMOBILE
100,000 Miles @ 40 Miles /hr. = 2500 hrs. of
operation
PUMP
24 hrs./day x 365 days / year = 8760 hours
60% of lip seals fail in under 2000 hours
Lip seals may be fine for automobiles, but not
for pumps

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 THRUST BEARING SNAP RING

Thrust bearings in standard ANSI pumps are held

in place with a snap ring
Snap ring material harder than bearing housing
Wear in bearing housing results in potential
bearing movement
Difficult to remove and install
If installed backwards - potential loose bearing

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 SIMULTANEOUS DYNAMIC LOADS
ON PUMP SHAFT
Radial Thrust Impeller Radial Thrust
due to Impeller
and Misalignment Hydraulically
Impeller Axial Induced
Thrust Forces due to
Coupling Recirculation
& Cavitation

Seal

Axial Load
from Misalignment Radial Thrust
and Impeller due to Impeller Hydraulic
and Misalignment Imbalance
Motor

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 SHAFT DYNAMICS
Radial movement of the shaft occurs in 3 forms:
Deflection - under constant radial load in one direction
Whip - Cone shaped motion caused by unbalance
Runout - Shaft bent or eccentricity between shaft sleeve and
shaft
It is possible to have all 3 events occurring simultaneously
ANSI B73.1 and API 610
Limit radial deflection and runout of the shaft to 0.002
T.I.R. at the stuffing box face(0.05mm)
Solid shafts are critical for pump reliability
Eliminate sleeve runout
Improved stiffness

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 PUMP FAILURE ANALYSIS
6 month period in a typical process plant

CAUSE NUMBER % of TOTAL

Bearing 25 10.50
Bearing housing 1 0.42
Case wearing ring 2 0.84
Impeller 8 3.36
Rotating face 1 0.42
Screws /set screws 1 0.42
Seals - mechanical 179 75.21
Shaft 12 5.04
Sleeve 9 3.78
TOTAL 238 100.00%

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 OPTIMUM PUMP DESIGN

OBJECT:
Create a better environment and
greater stability for the dynamic
pump components (seals and
bearings) .to withstand the
damaging forces inflicted upon them

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SHAFT STIFFNESS

500 Lbs.
(225Kg)

500 Lbs.
(225Kg)

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Derivation of Stiffness Ratio
= Deflection of shaft
P = Load I = Moment of Inertia
E = Modulus of Elasticity
L = Length of Overhang P
L
= PL3 I= D4
3EI 64

= PL3 = L3
3E P D4 D4 D
64
cancel all common factors
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 Stiffness Ratio Examples
D

D L L

3 4 3 4
1.50" 8" L /D = 8 /(1.50) = 512/5.06 = 101
1.62" 8" L3/D4 = 8 3/(1.62)4 = 512/6.89 = 74
3 4 3 4
1.75" 8" L /D = 8 /(1.75) = 512/9.38 = 55
3 4 3 4
1.87" 8" L /D = 8 /(1.87) = 512/12.23 = 42

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 Stiffness Ratio Examples
D

L
D L
3 4 3 4
1.87" 8" L /D = 8 /(1.87) = 512/12.23 = 42
3 4 3 4
1.87" 6" L /D = 6 /(1.87) = 216/12.23 = 17

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 Stiffness Ratio Examples
D

D L L

3 4 3 4
38mm 200mm L /D = 200 / 38 = 8000000/2085136 = 3.84
3 4 4
40mm 200mm L /D = 200 3/ 40 = 8000000/2560000 = 3.13
3 4 3 4
45mm 200mm L /D = 200 / 45 = 8000000/4100625 = 1.95
3 4 3 4
48mm 200mm L /D = 200 / 48 = 8000000/5308416 = 1.51
L/D<2.0 is Adequate

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 Stiffness Ratio Examples
D

D L L

3 3 4
48mm 200mm L
/D4
= 200 / 48 = 8000000/5308416 = 1.51

3 4 4
48mm 150mm L /D = 150 3 / 48 = 3375000/5308416 = .64

L/D < 2.4 Considered Adequate

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 LD PUMPS REDUCE BEARING LOADS

A 100 Lbs. A = Radial load on thrust bearing

B = Radial load on radial bearing
100 lb. = Impeller radial load on end of shaft
Standard
6 in. 8 in. ANSI Pump

B MA=0=14(100)-6B 1400=6B
MB=0= 8(100)-6A 800=6A
B=233 lbs.
A=133 lbs.

LD PUMP
MA =0=11(100)-6B 1100=6B B=183 lbs.
MB=0= 5(100)-6A 500=6A A= 83 lbs.
A 100 Lbs.
Radial Bearing
233 lbs. To 183 lbs.
22% Reduction in Load
6 in. 5 in. 2.1 x Improvement in Life
Thrust Bearing
133 lbs. To 83 lbs.
B 37% Reduction in Load
4 x Improvement in life

Bearing rating life varies inversely as the cube of the applied load

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 LD PUMPS REDUCE BEARING LOADS
(Metric)
A 45.4. Kg A = Radial load on thrust bearing
B = Radial load on radial bearing
45.4 Kg = Impeller radial load on end of shaft
Standard
152 mm 203 mm ANSI (DIN/ISO) Pump

B MA=0=355(45.4)-152B 16,117=152B
M B =0= 203(45.4)-152A 9,216=152A
B=106 Kg
A=61 kg

LD PUMP
MA=0=279(45.4)-152B 12,667=152B B=83 Kg
M B =0= 127(45.4))-152A 5,766=152A
A 45.4 Kg A= 38 Kg

Radial Bearing
106 Kg To 83 Kg
22% Reduction in Load
152 mm 127 mm 2.1 x Improvement in Life
Thrust Bearing
61Kg To 38 Kg
B 37% Reduction in Load
4 x Improvement in life

Bearing rating life varies inversely as the cube of the applied load
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MAXIMUM STIFFNESS RATIO

L3 / D4 RATIO

Less than 60 (Inch)

Less than 2.4 (Metric)

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 Length (L)
Dia. (D) 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235
20 21,1 23,3 25,6 28,1 30,1 33,5
22 14,4 15,9 17,5 19,2 21 22,9 25,9
25 8,6 9,5 10,5 11,5 12,6 13,7 14,9 16,2
30 4,2 4,6 5,1 5,5 6,1 6,6 7,2 7,8 8,5
32 3,2 3,6 3,9 4,3 4, 5,1 5,6 6 6,5 7,1 7,6
35 2,2 2,5 2,7 3 7
3,3 3,6 3,9 4,2 4,6 4,9 5,36,2 5,7
38 1,6 1,8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3 3,3 3,6 3,8 4,1
4,4 4,8 5,1
42 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,9 2 2,2 2,4 2,63 2,8
3.2 3,4 3,7 3,9
45 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,8 2 2,1
2,3 2,4 2,6 2,8 3 3.2
48 0,65 0,70 0,77 0,85 0,92 1 1,1 1,19 1,29 1,4 1,51 1,62 1,74 1,87 2, 2,15 2,29 2,44
50 0,54 0,60 0,66 0,72 0,79 0,86 0,93 1,01 1,10 1,19 1,28 1,38 1,48 1,59 1,70 1,82 1,95 2,08
55 0,37 0,41 0,450,49 0,54 0,59 0,64 0,69 0,75 0,81 0,87 0,94 ,01 1,09 1,16 1,24 1,33 1,42
ZONE 1= POOR >3.2
ZONE 2 = QUESTIONABLE 2.4-3.2
System one LD 17
ZONE 3 = EXCELLENT 1.0-2.4
ZONE 4 = SUPERIOR <1.2

STIFFNESS RATIO CHART - METRIC

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 EFFECTIVE PUMP OPERATIONAL ZONES
PUMP CURVE
BEP

ZONE L3/D4

INCH
A > 80
HEAD

B 60 > 80
A C 26 > 60
D < 26
B
METRIC
C A > 3.2
D B 2.4 to 3.2
C 1.0 to 2.4
D < 1.0
80 40 20 10 0 10 20
PERCENT OF BEP 15 25
FLO
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 ALIGNMENT

EVERY TIME A PUMP IS TORN DOWN,

THE MOTOR SHAFT AND PUMP SHAFT
MUST BE REALIGNED
UNPROFESSIONAL OPTION TO RE-ALIGN
USE A STRAIGHT EDGE
PROFESSIONAL OPTION IS TO USE DIAL
INDICATORSTO MINIMIZE TOTAL
RUNOUT
MODERN METHOD IS LASER
ALIGNMENT WHICH IS VERY ACCURATE

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 PRESENT ALIGNMENT METHODS
WEAKNESSES
All provide precision initial alignment
Degree of accuracy varies
Cost of system, training, and time involved
in their use is dramatic
Time consuming (possibly 2 workers, 4-8 hrs.)
Difficult to compensate for high temperature
applications
Requires worker skill, dexterity, and training to
achieve accurate results
After pump startup, cannot insure continued
alignment due to temperature, pipe strain,
cavitation, water hammer, and vibration
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 MOTOR ADAPTER - WHAT IS IT?

Machined component that connects a pump

power end to C face (D flg.) motor thru
close tolerance fits on each end
Not a new technology
Used on machine tools and gear boxes
Operate with highest level of accuracy and precision
Mechanical seal in a pump is a high precision
component
Mechanical seal accounts for 75% of pump
downtime

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 MOTOR ADAPTER- ADVANTAGES
Provides easy, accurate, and reliable alignment
during operation
Maintains near -laser alignment accuracy despite
pipe strain, cavitation, high temperature, and
vibration
A device that reduces vibration will prolong seal life
and increase pump reliability
Reduces labor hours for initial installation
During teardown, maintenance cycle time is reduced
dramatically
vertical mounting capability

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MOTOR ADAPTER ADVANTAGES cont.

High temperature applications

Motor grows with the pump
More even temperature gradient across the pump and
motor assembly
For high speed (3000/3600 RPM) applications -
Alignment more critical
Disadvantages
Not as accurate as initial laser alignment due to
inherent tolerance stackup of the various components

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 SEAL CHAMBERS
LARGE BORE
Designed specifically for seals
20 Times greater fluid volume
Provides superior cooling,cleaning,
and lubrication for the seal
Solids centrifuged away from seal
Eliminate seal rub problems
OLD STYLE
Designed for packing
Small radial clearances
-Seal contacting bore
Limited fluid capacity
-Poor heat removal
Easy to clog with solids
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 ELIMINATING SHAFT SLEEVES

Add no stiffness to shaft

Runout tolerance between shaft and sleeve compounds
motion of seal faces in addition to deflection and shaft
runout already present
Deflection must be a maximum of .002 at the seal faces,
yet faces are lapped within 2 helium light bands
Deflection or motion at seal faces is 1000 times greater
than the face flatness
Sleeves are necessary for packed pumps, but with todays
new seals they serve no purpose

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 BEARING OIL SEALS

Three basic types:

Lip seal
Inexpensive, simple to install, very effective
when new
Elastomeric construction
Contact shaft and contributes to friction
drag and temp. rise in bearing area
After 2000-3000 hours, no longer provide
effective barrier against contamination
Will groove shaft
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 BEARING OIL SEALS cont.

Labyrinth seals
Required by API 610
Non-contacting and non-wearing
Unlimited life
Effective for most types of contaminants
Do not keep heavy moisture or corrosive
vapors from entering the bearing frame
(especially in static state)

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 BEARING OIL SEALS cont.

Face seals and magnetic seals

Protect bearings from possible immersion
Good for moisture laden environment
Expansion chamber should be used to
accommodate changes in internal pressure and
vapor volume
completely enclosed system (can be submerged)
Generate heat
Limited life

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SYSTEM ONE LABYRINTH SEAL

Stationary Element

LABYRINTH
Traps liquid and
directs it to the gravity
drain

OIL TRAP Rotary Element

and DRAIN 316SS for corrosion
Helps retain resistance
lubrication
in bearing housing
GRAVITY DRAIN
Allows liquid
to drain

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 BEARING LIFE
Bearing life calculations assume proper lubrication and
an environment that protects the bearing from
contamination
The basic dynamic load rating C is the bearing load
that will give a rating life of 1 million revolutions
L10 Basic Rating Life is life that 90% of group of brgs.
will exceed ( millions of revs or hrs. operation)
Rating Life varies inversely as the cube of the applied
load
Reduction of impeller dia. from maximum improves life
calculation by the inverse ratio of the impeller
diameters to the 6th power

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 BEARING LIFE cont.

90% of all bearings will fail prematurely and

not reach their rated L10 life
- Calculated life by design over 20 years
- Actual life maybe 3 years
Failures:
-Fatigue due to excessive loads (20-50% of failure)
-Lube failure - excessive temperatures &
contaminants
-Poor installation
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BEARING LUBRICATION FAILURE
OXIDATION
Chemical reaction between oxygen & oil
New compounds produced which deteriorate the
life of oil and bearings
Reaction rate increases with the presence of water
and increases exponentially with temperature
CONTAMINATION
Water breaks down lube directly reducing brg.
life - .003% water in oil reduces life of oil 50%
Oil life decreases by 50% for every 20oF (11oC)
rise in temp. above 140oF (60oC)
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 SYNTHETIC OILS
Lower change in viscosity with temp. change
-One synthetic can take place of several oils
Provides good lube at high temps. 300oF (160oC)
-Does not oxidize (breakdown)
At low temps.- good fluidity boosts efficiency and
reduces component wear during cold weather
Achieves full lubrication quickly
Offers longer life - less consumption
Lasts 1.5-2 times longer than conventional oils
Maintains lube properties with water
contamination better than mineral oils
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 BEARING CLEARANCES
Normal clearance C3
6310 Radial Bearing (microns)
Radial .0003-.0011(9-30) .0009-.0017(27-51)
Axial .0016-.003 (48-90) .0016-.003(48-90)
5310 Double Row Thrust Bearing
Radial .0005-.0014(15-42) .0014-.0020(42-60)
Axial .0005-.0014(15-42) .0014-.0023(42-69)
7310 Angular Contact Thrust Bearing
Axial -.0003 to +.0003 (line to line)
NOMINAL 0
Radial approx .85 x Axial
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 ANGULAR CONTACT BEARINGS

Used as thrust bearing in pairs (also carry radial load)

Mounted back to back (letters to letters)
Provides maximum stiffness to shaft
Avoid ball skidding under light loads
Small preload eliminates potential
Line to line design clearances
Shaft fit provides preload
Eliminates shaft end play
Greater thrust capacity
Required by API 610 Specification

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 BEARING PRELOAD
Pump radial bearings have positive internal clearance
Thrust bearings can be either positive or negative
clearance ( 5310 vs. 7310 pr.)
Preload occurs when there is a negative clearance in
the bearing
Desirable to increase running accuracy
Enhances stiffness
Reduces running noise
Provides a longer service life under proper applications

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BEARING CLEARANCES / PRELOAD

LIFE

Preload Clearance

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 MICROMETER IMPELLER
ADJUSTMENT
Micrometer adjusting nut allows impeller to be
set to precise clearance from the front of the
casing
Each line on the adjusting nut is a .003
(.08mm) graduation for axial movement of the
shaft
Normal setting is .015 (.38mm) from the casing
face
For every 50 deg. above 100 deg. fluid temp...
add .002 clearance
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 GOAL: IMPROVED PUMP AND
MECHANICAL SEAL RELIABILITY

Eliminate or reduce mechanical and

environmental influences that cause pump
and seal problems
Specify proper pump design criteria to
minimize the impact of mechanical and
environmental influences
Specify proper mechanical seal and
environmental controls to maximize seal life

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 OPTIMUM PUMP DESIGN SUMMARY
Low L3D4 ratio as possible
Solid shaft ( no sleeves)
Large bore seal chamber
Large oil capacity bearing housing
Angular contact thrust bearings
Retainer cover to hold thrust bearing (no snap rings)
Fin tube cooling for bearing housing
Labyrinth seals
Positive / precision shaft adjustment method
Investment cast impellers
Magnetic drain plugs in oil sump
C Frame motor adapter
Centerline support for hot applications

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 REQUIREMENTS FOR PROPER EMISSION
CONTROL AND MAXIMUM SEAL LIFE
Shaft runout at impeller within .001 T.I.R. (.03mm)
Coupling alignment within .005 T.I.R. on rim & face (.13mm)
Operation of the pump at or close to best efficiency point
(definition dependent upon pump size, speed, and LD ratio)
NPSH available to be at least 5 feet (1.5m) greater than NPSH
required
Proper foundation and baseplate arrangement
Absolute minimum pipe strain on suction and discharge flanges
All impellers dynamically balanced to ISO G 6.3 spec.
Face of seal chamber square to shaft within .002 T.I.R. (.05mm)
Seal chamber register concentric to shaft within .003 T.I.R.
(.08mm)
Shaft end play less than .0005 (.015mm)
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 SYSTEM ONE PUMP WARRANTY

ONE YEAR FOR MECHANICAL SEAL

SPARE SEAL KIT OR REBUILT SEAL OFFERED
FIVE YEARS ON SYSTEM ONE POWER END
ANY FAILURE INCLUDING BEARINGS
FREE REPLACEMENTS OF FAILED COMPONENT
SHAFT WARRANTIED FOR LIFE ON FRAME
S AND A PUMPS

free replacements are one time only

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