*

*
* Consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and the alveoli, which
make up the lungs. These structure pull in air from the upper
respiratory system, absorb the oxygen, and release the carbon
dioxide in exchange. Other structures, namely thoracic cage and the
diaphragm, protect and support these functions.
 *
- It is an infection of your trachea. When caused by
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This condition is rare
typically affects young children. If it isnt treated quickly
enough, it can lead to life-threatening complications.

Symptoms:
- High fever - Wheezing
- Deep severe cough - Nasal flaring
- Difficulty breathing - Cyanosis, a blue tinge to
their skin
Treatment
* Endotracheal intubation
* Antibiotics

With treatment, most children recover completely.

Very ill children require endotracheal intubation. The tube keeps the
airway from swelling shut.
* Antibiotics (such as cefuroxime or vancomycin) are given to treat
the infection.
 *
- Bronchitis is inflammation or swelling of the bronchial tubes that
carry air into your lungs. When you have bronchitis, your always also
produce too much mucus. Mucus normally protects your lungs by
trapping bacteria, dust and other particles before they can get in.
Too much mucus makes it harder to breath. People with bronchitis
often cough a lot and have trouble breathing.
-Bronchitis maybe acute or or chronic.

Acute bronchitis - is a shorter illness that commonly follows a cold

or viral infection, such as the flu. It consists of cough with mucus,
chest discomfort or soreness, fever and, sometimes, shortness of
breathe. Acute usually lasts a few days or weeks.
Chronic bronchitis - is a serious, ongoing illness characterized by a
persistent, mucus-producing cough the lasts longer than 3months out
of the year for more than 2 years. People with chronic bronchitis
have varying degrees of breathing difficulties, and may symptoms
may get better and worse during different parts of the year.
-If chronic bronchitis occurs with emphysema, it may become
chronic destructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Symptoms of Bronchitis:
- Persistent cough, which may produce mucus - Body aches
- Wheezing - Breathlessness
- Low fever and chills - Headaches
- Chest tightening - Black nose and
sinuses
- Sore throat
* Treatment for acute bronchitis includes rest and fluids. Aspirin or a
similar agent is used to treat fever. A humidifier or steam can also
help. Your doctor may prescribe medications to open your airways
and reduce wheezing and inflammation. A cough syrup may also be
prescribed. Antibiotics are not used to treat acute bronchitis, since
they don't work against viruses. If your doctor thinks you have a
bacterial infection, he or she may order an X-ray and other tests.
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.

* Treatment for chronic bronchitis is to eliminate sources of

irritation. Because the lungs have been damaged, chronic bronchitis
never completely goes away, and flare-ups may occur. Medications
are generally needed. These include inhaled agents that open your
airways. Steroids are used to reduce inflammation, and in severe
cases, oxygen therapy may be needed. Oxygen is supplied in a
metal cylinder and flows through a tube and into the nose.
Pulmonary rehabilitation may also be prescribed. Rehabilitation
teaches patients to breathe more easily.
 *
* Bronchiectasis is a lung condition which causes damage to the
airways and results in a persistent cough.

* Bronchiectasis causes the bronchiole tubes (also known as the

bronchi), which are the small tubes that air passes in and out of, to
become damaged and widen instead of narrowing.

* Bronchiectasis prevents the bronchi from cleaning themselves and

this increases the risk of bacterial infection.
The main symptoms of bronchiectasis include:
A persistent cough.
Coughing up large amounts of phlegm: this can cause people to feel embarrassed, especially if
they are around other people.
Frequent chest infections: bronchiectasis increases the risk of chest infections because the
build-up of mucus attracts bacteria, which cause infections.
Feeling tired and generally unwell.
Loss of appetite and subsequent weight loss.
Breathing difficulties.
A runny nose.
Chronic infection of the sinuses in the nose.

Less common symptoms include:

Coughing up blood.
Joint aches and pains.
Chest pain.
Possible complications of bronchiectasis include:
Spread of infection to other parts of the body.
Coughing up blood.
A lung abscess (this is very rare).
Medication usually involves antibiotics and corticosteroids, also
antibiotics can be taken in tablet form, inhaled or injected.

Other treatments or therapies may be used to try and control

symptoms. These include:
Chest physiotherapy: this helps to dislodge the sputum and make it
easier to breathe and prevent bacterial infection. Physiotherapy
helps to strengthen the chest muscles to make breathing easier.
Exercise: exercising on a daily basis (this should involve fairly gentle
exercise, such as swimming) will help to clear the lungs of mucus.
Breathing exercises.
Asthma treatment.
Nasal sprays to reduce congestion.
Postural drainage to loosen the mucus.
Salt solutions: this makes the mucus less sticky and helps to prevent
mucus from building up
 *
- is a lung disease. Pneumococcal pneumonia, a kind of pneumonia, can
infect the upper respiratory tract and can spread to the blood, lungs,
middle ear, or nervous system.
- is a type of bacterial pneumonia that is specifically caused by
Streptococcus pneumoniae. S. pneumoniae is also called pneumococcus.

Symptoms of Pneumococcal pneumonia Other symptoms may include:

High fever Nausea
Cough Vomiting
Shortness of breath Headache
Rapid breathing Tireness
Chest pains Muscle aches
Symptoms of Pneumococcal pneumonia
High fever
Cough
Shortness of breath
Rapid breathing
Chest pains

Other symptoms may include:

Nausea
Vomiting
Headache
Tiredness
Muscle aches
*Treatment
Your healthcare provider usually will prescribe antibiotics to treat this
disease. The symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia usually go away
within 12 to 36 hours after you start taking medicine.
Some bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, however, are now
capable of resisting and fighting off antibiotics. Such antibiotic
resistance is increasing worldwide because these medicines have been
overused or misused. Therefore, if you are at risk of getting
pneumococcal pneumonia, you should talk with your healthcare
provider about what you can do to prevent it.

Prevention
Getting the pneumococcal vaccine is the main way you can reduce
your chances of getting pneumococcal pneumonia. Vaccines are
available for children and adults