Mammals

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 Evolution and Characteristics

Mammals belong to
the class
Mammalia, which
includes 4000
species
Most dominant
land animals on
earth.

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 Origin

Fossil skeletons show that

early mammals had large
eye sockets, which may
have meant that they
were active at night.
Mammals did not compete
with dinosaurs for food,
for they would feed on
insects.
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 Origin
Mammals were not
abundant during the
Mesozoic era.
Fossils of the first
mammals are scarce thus
indicating that they were
not as abundant.
The Cenozoic era is named
the age of mammals, for
this is the time which
mammals rapidly started
to increase
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 Evolution
Animals evolved from
the group of reptiles
called Therapids.
Therapids have both
reptilian and
mammalian
characteristics.
Therapids have a jaw
bone composed of 5
bones rather than a
simple jaw bone. 5
 Evolution
Like
mammals, Therapids have
specialized teeth adapted for
specialized functions.
The earliest mammalian fossil found is
from the early Mesozoic era, 200
million years ago

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 Characteristics

Mammals are
endothermic
Mammals have
hair
Well-developed
brains
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 Characteristics

Mammalian
heart has 4
chambers
Mammals have
a muscle , the
diaphragm that
aids in
breathing
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 Characteristics

Mammals have single lower jaw

Most species have 4 different
types of teeth

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 Characteristics
Most species are viviparous, in which
females carry their young until full
development
Female secrete milk from mammary
glands to feed newborn young.

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Two feature that distinguish them from
other invertebrates are that they all
have hair and they produce milk.

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 Mammal Orders
There are 19 orders of mammals in
the class Mammalia in which 17
nourish unborn young in the
placenta, egg laying mammals and
marsupials

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 Monotremes and Marsupials
Only 5 percent of all mammalian species
are in the orders Monotremata and
Marsupialia.

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 Monotremata
Oviparous or egg laying mammals
Only 3 in existence
Duck-billed platypus and two species of spiny
anteaters called echidna.
Not completely endothermic (their body
temperature is lower and fluctuates more
than other mammals)

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 Marsupials
Marsupials give birth to tiny
immature young that crawl to a
pouch on the mothers belly
immediately after they are
born.

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They attach
themselves to
milk secreting
nipples nursing
until they are
mature enough
to survive
outside the
pouch.
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250 species of marsupial species
exist in Australia, New Guinea,
.
Tasmania, And the Americas

Tasmanian
Devil

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American Marsupial

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 60 hundred million years ago, no
placental mammals inhabited the
continent
Lacking in competition Australian
marsupials underwent adapted
radiation and eventually became
adapted to all environments.

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Placental Mammals

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Characteristics of Placentals
Placental mammals carry unborn young in the
uterus until young can survive in the wild.
Oxygen and nutrients are transferred from
mothers blood to babys blood

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 Placental Characteristics
The placenta is a
membrane providing
nutrients and waste &
gas exchange between
the mother and
developing young
Gestation period-is
the time which
mammals develop in
mothers uterus
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Mammals are a diverse group living on
land and in water. Some mammals can
fly!

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 Insectivora
Consists of 400 species
Includes shrews, hedgehogs and moles

Shrew

Mole
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Hedgehog

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 Insectivora
Small animals with high metabolic
rate and found in North America,
Europe, and Asia.
Most have long pointed noses that
enable them to grub for insects,
worms, and invertebrates.
Live on ground, trees, in water,
and underground.

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 Rodentia
Largest mammalian order having over 2,400
species.
On every continent except for Antarctica
The most prolific mammals, Order Rodentia
includes three suborders. It takes in the
families Aplodontidae (mountain beavers),
Sciuridae (chipmunks, squirrels, marmots),
Cricetidae (field mice, lemmings, muskrats,
hamsters, gerbils), Muridae (Old World mice,
rats), Heteromyidae (New World mice),
Geomyidae (gophers), and Dipodidae
(jerboas).

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 Chipmunk

Old world mice

Jerboa

Lemming Gerbil
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 Marmot

Porcupine

Squirrel

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Only two incisors in each
jaw, grow as long as
rodent lives, and used for
gnawing

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 Lagomorpha
Includes rabbits, hares, and small
mountain mammals called pikas.
Found worldwide

Hare

Pika
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 Lagomorpha
Double row of incisors, large front
teeth backed with two smaller
ones, adaptation for herbivorous
diet.

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 Edentata
Made up of 30 living species including
anteaters, armadillos, and sloths.
The name edentate means without
teeth

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 Anteater

Sloths
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 Edentates have adaptations for
insectivorous diets, including a
long, sticky tongue and clawed
front paws

Anteater feeding at
a Termite mound

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Sloths, on the other hand have
continuously growing teeth as an
adaptation for grinding plants

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 Chiroptera
Made up of over 900 species of bats
Live throughout the world except in polar
environments

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 A bats wing is modified front limb
which skin membrane between
extremely long finger bones
Bats use thumbs for climbing, walking,
or grasping

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 Most bats are active at night and have
a special way to navigate using
echolocation (bouncing off high-
frequency sound waves)
Frequency of returning sound waves
with the size, distance, and rate of
movement of different objects

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 Chiroptera
Bats that use
echolocation have
small eyes and
large ears.
Feed on insects
and have teeth
specialized for
such diets

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 Some feed on fruit and flower
nectar and do not use echolocation.
These bats are sometimes called
flying foxes, have large eyes and
keen sense of smell.

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 Cetacea
90 species of whales, dolphins, and
porpoises are distributed worldwide.
Cetaceans have fishlike bodies with
forelimbs modified as flippers.

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 Cetaceans divided into two groups which
are toothed whales and baleen whales.
Toothed whales include beaked whales,
sperm whales, beluga whales, narwhals,
killer whales, dolphins and porpoises.

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 Have over 100 teeth
Prey on fish, squid, seals and
whales

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 Baleen whales lack teeth
Includes gray whales, right whales, fin-
backed whales, hump-backed whales
Shrimp and other small invertebrates are the
pray of the baleen whales.

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 Sirenia
The Order Sirenia is made up of four
species of manatees and dugongs.

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 Front limbs are flippers for
swimming
Sirenians lack hind legs but have
flattened tails.

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 Carnivora
250 living species in carnivoria are
distributed worldwide
Most of the species mainly eat meat,
which explains the name.
About 34 species

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 Some members of
this order such as
bears feed
extensively on plant
material as well as
meat, so they are
called omnivores.
Carnivores generally
have long canine
teeth, strong jaws,
clawed toes.

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 Pinnipedia
Pinnipedia are water dwelling
carnivores and have streamlined
bodies
In the fin-footed order there are
Otariidae (eared seals, sea lions),
Odobenidae (walruses), and
Phocidae (earless seals).

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 Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla
Ungulates-hoofed mammals, classified
into two orders: Artiodactyla and
Perissodactyla
These two classes are herbivores.
They have a storage chamber in their
stomach called the rumen, undergoes
double digestion.

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Ungulates with an even amount of
toes make up the class
Artiodactyla

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Those that ruminate are the families
Girrafidae (giraffes). Cervidae (deer,
moose, reindeer, elk). Antilocapridae
(pronghorn antelope), and Bovidae
(cattle, bison, yaks, waterbucks,
wildebeest, gazelles, springboks, sheep,
musk oxen, goats). Nonruminators
include the families Suidae (pigs),
Tayassuidae (peccaries),
Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses), and
Camelidae (camels, llamas).

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Ungulates with an odd number of
toes make up the class
Perissodactyla.

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The two suborders, Hippomorpha
and Ceratomorpha, include
creatures that have an odd
number of toes. Families in this
order are the Equidae (horses,
donkeys, zebras), the Tapiridae
(tapirs), and the Rhinocerotidae
(rhinoceroses).

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 Proboscidea
Characterized by a boneless nose or
proboscis
Elephants are the largest land
dwellers alive today, weighing more
than 6 tons.

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It has modified incisors, called
tusks, for digging up roots and
stripping bark from branches.

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 Dermoptera
These gliding tree mammals from Asia do
not fly and are not lemurs, but they are
known as flying lemurs, or Family
Cynocephalidae .

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 Hyracoidae
Order Hyracoidae is one of three orders
that has only one modern family
remaining. Procavia capensis (the African
rock hyrax) is one of nine living species
in the Family Procaviidae .

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 Pholidata
Family Manidae (pangolins) is the sole
family in this order.

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 Tubulidentata
Another mammal in an order by itself is
Family Orycteropodidae

Aadvark

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 Primates
The order to which people belong is divided into two
suborders: The Prosimii , who have longer snouts
than their relatives, and the Anthropoidae . The
first group includes the families Tupalidae (tree
shrew), Lemuridae (lemurs), Daubentonlidae (aye-
ayes), Lorisidae (lorises, pottos), and Tarsiidae
(tarsiers).
The anthropoids include the families Callitrichidae
(marmosets), Cebidae (New World monkeys),
Cercopithecidae (baboons, Old World monkeys),
Hylobatidae (gibbons), Pongidae (gorillas,
chimpanzees, orangutans), and Hominidae (human
beings).

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Prosimians

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Anthropoids

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 A complex brain has enabled
anthropoids to develop behaviors
and to live in highly organized
social groups.

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Hominoids and Hominids
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus afarensis(Lucy)
A. anamensis
Homo habilis (toolman)
H. erectus(Peking Man-China.
Java Man-Indonesia.
Germany-Neanderthal.
Cro-magnon
H. sapiens
H. sapien sapiens

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