Chapter 1
Power Systems: An Overview
Rahmatul Hidayah Salimin
Introduction
Power System
Support Components
Measurement &
Protection System
Monitoring System
Main Components
Supply of Electricity
Electrical Systems
Demand
3 types of load
Base load
Has to be fed 100% of the time.
Intermediate loads
Have to be fed <100% of the time.
Peak load
May occur 0.1% of the time.
Load Duration Curve
Peak Load
(2MW)
Demand (GW)
Intermediate Load
(4MW)
Base Load
(6MW)
Base-power stations
Deliver full power at all times
Nuclear, coal-fired stations
Intermediate-power stations
Respond relatively quickly to changes in demand
Usually by adding/removing generating unit
Hydropower stations
Peak-power stations
Deliver power for brief intervals during the day
Put into service very quickly
Equipped with prime movers that can be started up in
a few minutes
Diesel, pumped-storage turbines, gas turbines etc.
Power System Diagram
SESCO
SESB
Reduce the voltage
Sub-Station 33kV,11kV Sub-Station
Transmission
LIGHT INDUSTRY -
Most small factories
receive their electricity at
11,000 volts
TNB
Co-Generator SESCO
IPP SESB
Generation Capacity
Generation capacity of major power producer
Generation Capacity
Example
YTL Generation Sdn. Bhd.
Paka, Pasir Gudang
Malakoff Berhad
Lumut Power Station, Segari
Prai Power Station, Butterworth
Tanjung Bin Power Station, Johor
Genting Sanyen Power Sdn. Bhd.
Kuala Langat Power Station
Co-Generator
Transmission Line
Overhead Lines
Cable
Underground Cables
Submarine Cables
Sub-stations
Transmission
Parameters
OVERHEAD LINE (17,258)
Length 500kV 890
(circuit-km) 275kV 6,199
132kV 9,998
66kV 171
CABLE (723)
Length 275kV 49
(circuit-km) 132kV 674
66kV -
TRANSFORMERS (69,381)
Transformation 500kV 4,500
Capacity 275kV 26,213
(MVA) 132kV 38,258
66kV 410
SUBSTATIONS (375)
Number of 500kV 4
Substations 275kV 67
(TNB) 132kV 299
66kV 5
Transmission Line
Components
Tower support structure
Cross-arms
Conductors
Insulators
Earth-wires
Transmission tower
Size of substation
Depends on transformer size
Typical sizes
132kV; 2 x 30MVA, 3 x 45MVA, 2 x 90MVA
275kV; 2 x 180MVA, 3 x 180MVA, 2 x 240MVA
Types of Sub-station
Conventional outdoor
Require bigger space
GIS (gas insulated switchgear)
Less space
Outdoor or indoor
Outdoor Sub-station
GIS
Sub-station
Components
Transformer
Circuit Breaker / Switch Gear
Isolator Switches
Busbar
Protection Relay & Control Equipment
Power Transformer
Circuit Breaker
Types of Load:
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Public Transportation
Public Lighting
etc.
Residential Load
Other advantages:
Stability
Load sharing
Continuity of service
Maintenance, breakdown
Economy
Cheap & efficient
Interconnection
Located in Bangsar, KL
Objectives:
Grid system requires a grid controller/operator
system.
In order to ensure the supply of energy is safe
and reliable.
NLDC Function