T1 Carrier System

ENGR 475 Telecommunications

Harding University

Jonathan White
 Outline
AKA
What it is and what it runs on.
Why a digital network?
Speeds
How it operates (review).
Framing.
B8ZS
Types of signaling
How it gets synchronized
ESF Extended SuperFrame
 T1 AKA
T1 Transmission Level 1
Includes the wires, jacks, hardware.
DS1 Digital Signal 1
The digital signal that goes over a T1
Used interchangeably.
E1
What T1 is called everywhere else besides North
America and Japan.
It is at a slightly different speed.
T carrier System
An architecture
 What the T1 system is
Standard to transmit voice and data.
A T1 circuit consists of 24 8 bit channels
Each channel is a pseudo 64 kbps voice channel.
This is the standard voice channel that weve been
talking about.
Still sampled 8000 times a second.
Called a DS0
T1 speed: 1.544 Mbps
(Done on the board).
Cost: $70 to $500 a month, leased.
 T Carrier System Definition
T1
is a high speed digital network (1.544
mbps) developed by AT&T in 1957.
The carrier system is just multiplies of T1s.
Designed to support long-haul pulse-code
modulation (PCM) voice transmission.
The primary innovation of the T carrier
system was to introduce "digitized" voice.
 T Carrier System Layers
DS0 64Kbps 1/24 of T-1 1 Channel

T1 / DS1 1.544Mbps 1 T-1 24 Channels

T3 / DS3 44.736 Mbps 28 T-1 672 Channels

T4 / DS4 274.176 Mbps 168 T-1 4032 Channels

 T1 is a Standard
Specifiedby ANSI
A standard that telephone vendors agree
to comply with.
Specifies the data rate, the sampling rate, and
the electrical properties.
What is IEEE 802.3?
How about 802.11g?
Can you cheat on the standard?
 Why a Digital Network?
How many wires did the first voice
systems use?
What happens to noise in a purely analog
system?
How about in a digital system?
What is attenuation?
How is this handled in analog and digital
systems?
How much does cabling cost?
 T1 History
Developed by AT&T (Bell Labs) in 1957.
Not implemented until the early 1960s.
PCM was invented in 1937.
Originally, T1 was only between high level end
offices.
The trunks of the system.
Why were these lines altered first?
T1 speeds didnt come to users until the mid
1970s.
How fast were modems then?
T1 architecture also defines the physical
characteristics.
 T1 Physical Characteristics
4 wire circuit using 22 AWG unshielded
twisted pair copper wires.
For every 1000 feet, 7 db of attention occurs.
This is why repeaters must be spaced much
more closely (2000 6000 feet).
Remember, humans need an SQR of at least 30
db.
2 wires are used to transmit
2 wires are used to receive
 T1 Physical Characteristics
Full Duplex
Purely Digital
Uses Time Division Multiplexing
Is this efficient?
Uses PCM
Uses Bipolar/AMI representation of the digital 1s and
0s.
Voltages range from -3 to +3 volts provides power to repeaters.
Clock is encoded in the signals
Do you see a potential problem?
Framed format
Adds a 1 bit header to each frame of (8 x 24) bits
 Channelized vs NonChannelized
You dont have to use your T1 connection for 24
voice circuits.
Some examples: 12 voice circuits and 1 high speed
Internet connection.
However, the maximum bandwidth is still 1.544 Mbps.
In a channeled environment, the time slices are
always present, even if the line isnt sending any
data.
This is the basis of time division multiplexing.
This is wasteful.
 Framing
After all of the 24*8bit samples, 1 framing bit is
added.
Every second, 8000 samples are taken.
So these added bits add up to 8 kilobit of addressing
information.
Framing: Provides a way for a receiver to better
synch up with the sender. It is a repeatable
pattern.
There have been several generations:
Generation 1: Alternating 1s and 0s.
 D4 Signal Framing
The fourth generation of framing.
Corrects several potential errors.
Robs bits in the 6th and 12th frame.
In these frames, the least significant digit in every sample is
altered to provide 48 bits of signaling.
24 of these bits make up a CRC code.
Still repeats a pattern in the other framing bits: 1000
1101 1100
This came out before the Internet.
No one notices if your voice is altered by 1 48 bits.
Would you care if your e-mail was altered by 48 bits.
This is why we have 56k modems.
 Too many 0s
(On board)
 Signaling
What are some telephone signals?
In Channel
DTMF signals are part of the conversation.
Do you really need much signaling once you start
talking?
Common channel
One of the 24 channels is dedicated to signaling.
Now, the other 23 channels can be used to their
fullest extent to send data.
This is called SS7, and it lead to the creation of the
worlds first data network.
The signaling is NOT passed with the data.
 Downsides of T1
All
your eggs are in one basket.
Expensive at the beginning.
You must get new equipment.
 Benefits
The whole world isnt covered in cables.
Allows better control via signaling
channels.
Digital is easier to transport.
Has allowed incredible data rates.