Hormo

nes
Juliet I. Villaruel
 What is Hormone?
Hormone, (fromGreek, "impetus"),
chemical that transfers information and
instructions between cells in animals and
plants.
Functions in the regulation of physiological
activities and in maintaininghomeostasis.
Hormones were first identified in 1902 by
British physiologists William Bayliss and
Ernest Starling.
 Hormones as Signals
Hormonal signaling involves the following:
Biosynthesisof a particular hormone in a particular
tissue
Storage andsecretionof the hormone
Transportof the hormone to the target cell(s)
Recognitionof the hormone by anassociated cell
membraneorintracellularreceptorprotein
Relay and amplificationof the received hormonal
signal via asignal transductionprocess:
Degradationof the hormone.
 Where and How are Hormones
Produced?
The majority of hormones are produced
by the glands of the endocrine system,
such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal
glands, and the ovaries or testes.
Hormones can be transmitted two ways:
Endocrine Secretion
Paracrine Signalling
 Endocrine Secretion
The classical view of hormones is that they
are transmitted to their targets in the
bloodstream after discharge from the
glands that secrete them.
This mode of discharge (directly
into the bloodstream) is called
endocrinesecretion.
 Paracrine Signaling
Exocrine hormones(or ectohormones) are
secreted directly into a duct, and, from the
duct, they flow either into the
bloodstream or from cell to cell
bydiffusionin a process known
asparacrine signaling.
 Interactions with Receptors
For many hormones, including
mostprotein hormones, the receptor is
membrane-associated and embedded in
theplasma membraneat the surface of the
cell.
For hormones such
assteroidorthyroidhormones, their
receptors are locatedintracellularlywithin
thecytoplasmof their target cell.
Classification of Hormones
Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones
 Peptide Hormones
Include the hormones produced by the anterior
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, placenta, and
pancreas. When they are called into action,
these peptides are broken down into
biologically active hormones and secreted into
the blood to be circulated throughout the body.
They can be stored in the cell, and they circulate
freely in theblood stream.
They are secreted out of a cell into the blood by
exocytosis.
 Steroid Hormones
Include those hormones secreted by the
adrenal glands and ovaries or testes. Steroid
hormones are synthesized from cholesterol (a
fatty substance produced by the body) and
modified by a series of chemical reactions to
form a hormone ready for immediate action.
It can diffuse very easily across
cellmembranes, which has an important
effect on how steroid hormones are managed.
 Major
Hormones of
the Human
Body
 Other
Important
Hormones
Diseas
es
Videos
 Pineal Gland
Hormone Secreted: Melatonin
Target Tissue: Unclear, although possible
target sites are pigment cells and sex
organ
Function: May affect skin pigmentation;
may regulate biorhythms
(awake/sleep patterns) and prevent
jet lag.
 Hypothalamus Gland
Hormone Secreted:neurohormones
Function:link thenervous systemto
theendocrine systemvia thepituitary
gland(hypophysis). stimulate or inhibit
the secretion of pituitaryhormones. The
hypothalamus controlsbody
temperature,hunger,thirst, fatigue,sleep,
andcircadian cycles.
 Pituitary Gland (Anterior)
Hormone Target Gland Function
Triggers secretion of
Adrenocorticotropic Adrenal cortex hydrocortisone from the
adrenal gland
Growth hormone Throughout body Stimulates growth and
development
Follicle-stimulating Stimulates female egg
hormone maturation and male
/ Gonadotropin sperm production
Sex glands
Stimulates female
Luteinizing hormone
ovulation and male
secretion of testosterone
Stimulates milk
Prolactin
Mammary glands production in the breasts
after childbirth
Melanocyte-stimulating Melanin-producing cells Controls skin
hormone pigmentation
 Pituitary Gland (Posterior)
Hormone Target Gland Function
Regulates water
Antidiuretic hormone Kidneys retention and blood
pressure
Uterus
Triggers contraction of
the uterus during labor
Oxytocin
Stimulates milk letdown
Mammary Glands for breast-feeding after
childbirth
 Thyroid Gland
Hormone Target Gland Function
Calcitonin Bones Controls the level of
calcium in the blood by
depositing it in the bones
Thyroid hormone Throughout the body Increases the body's
metabolic rate; promotes
normal growth and
development
 Parathyroid Gland
Hormone Secreted: Parathyroid hormone
Target Tissue: Bones, intestines, and
kidneys
Function: Regulates calcium level in blood
 Thymus Gland
Hormone Secreted: Thymosin
Target Tissue: White blood cells
Function: Promotes the growth and
development of white blood cells, helping
the body fight infection
Located anterior and
superior to the heart
 Adrenal Gland
Hormone Target Gland Function
Aldosterone Kidneys Regulates sodium and
potassium levels in the
blood to control blood
pressure

Hydrocortisone Throughout the body Plays key role in stress

response; increases blood
glucose levels and
mobilizes fat stores;
reduces inflammatation
Epinephrine Increases blood pressure,
heart and metabolic rate,
and blood sugar levels;
Muscles and blood dilates blood vessels. Also
vessels released during exercise
Norepinephrine Increases blood pressure
and heart rate; constricts
blood vessels
 Pancreas
Hormone Target Gland Function
Glucagon Liver Stimulates the
breakdown of glycogen
(stored carbohydrate)
into glucose (blood
sugar); regulates glucose
blood level
Insulin Throughout the body Regulates blood glucose
levels; increases storage
of glycogen; facilitates
glucose intake by body
cells
 Ovaries
Hormone Target Gland Function
Estrogen Female Reproductive Causes sexual
system development and
growth; maintains
proper functioning of
female reproductive
system
Progesterone Mammary Glands Prepares uterus for
pregnancy
 Testes
Hormone Secreted: Testosterone
Target Tissue: Throughout the body
Function: Causes sexual development and
growth spurt; maintains proper
functioning of male reproductive system
 Kidney
Hormone Secreted: Erythropoietin
Target Tissue: Bone Marrow
Function: Produces red blood cells
 Androgens
Say the word androgen and
most people think male.
Indeed, they are dubbed the
male hormones mainly because
males make and use more
testosterone and other
androgens than females. These
steroid hormones confer
masculinity by triggering and
controlling body programs that
govern male sexual
development and physique. In
females, androgens play more
subtle roles.
 Corticoids
Corticoid hormones balance
stress response, energy
flow, body temperature,
water balance, and other
essential processes. Two
groups, the glucocorticoids
and the mineralocorticoids,
chemically control some of
the most basic actions
necessary to protect,
nourish, and maintain the
body. The gender-neutral
corticoids guide these life-
sustaining functions in both
males and females.
 Progestins
Progestin hormones prepare, sustain, and
build. With them, pregnancy, some
behaviors, and sex hormones endure.
Indeed, progestins are nicknamed the
pregnancy hormones because they prep
for and maintain the body during
pregnancy. Their essential role in egg and
sperm maturation, sexual receptiveness,
and estrogen production are lesser
known. Not surprisingly, females make
and use more progestins than males.
 Thyroid
Thyroid hormones support nearly every
body system. In humans and other
backboned animals, the iodine-containing
hormones guarantee proper development
of the brain, skeleton, and organs. Yet, too
much or too little derails the body's
delicate balance causing goiter and other
health troubles. These distinct regulators
work alone or in cooperation with other
hormones to generate energy, control cell
oxygen use, and moderate many other life
processes in both males and females.
Two most active thyroid hormones,
triiodothyronine (T3) (above) and
thyroxine (T4) (below), contain iodine
atoms typical of the thyroid hormones.
 Quiz
Hormones
1. These are chemicals that transfers information and
instructions between cells.
a. Enzymes b. Hormones c. Lipids
2. Hormones were first identified in 1902 by____.
a. Watson and Crick
b. Fischer and Koshland
c. Bayliss and Starling
3. How is Endocrine Secretion transmit hormones?
a. by diffusion
b. by bloodstream
c. by injection
4. What is the process involved when peptide hormones are
secreted out of a cell?
a. endocytosis b. exocytosis c. pinocytosis
5. It is known as the master gland.
a. Pituitary Gland b. Hypothalamus c. Pineal
6. How many glands are included in the endocrine system?
a. 9 b. 10 c. 11
7. The hormone that affects the skin pigmentation.
a. adrenalin
b. melanin
c. melatonin
8. The steroid hormones are synthesized from ___.
a. Fats b. Glucose c. Cholesterol
9. It is the process wherein hormones are secreted through diffusion.
a. Endocrine Secretion
b. Paracrine Signalling
c. Endocytosis
10. In steroid hormones, the hormones enter the cell by ___.
a. Osmosis
b. vesicle formation
c. directly into the cell membrane