Igneous
Rocks formed from cooling magma or lava
Sedimentary
Rocks formed from sediments worn from
other rocks
Metamorphic
Rocks formed by changing the chemistry,
mineralogy, or texture of other rocks.
BATUAN BEKU
#3-SAPIIE-2006
What are igneous rocks?
The term igneous'' comes from the Latin word
ignis or fire''. Igneous rocks are rocks which
form from cooling magma or lava.
Magma
Molten or partially molten rock material and
dissolved gases.
Magma is molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Lava
Molten or partially molten rock material and
dissolved gases.
Lava is molten rock which has erupted at Earth's
surface.
Flow of molten lava at Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii
Igneous Rocks.
Crystallization of Magma
Magma is a hot liquid (made of melted rock), with a abundant
gas in solution when it is under pressure in the earth. It may
contain crystals of high temperature minerals. It originates in
the asthenosphere.
Intrusive
These rocks are made of big crystals, which indicates slow cooling. Intrusive rocks
cool slowly because they solidify inside the Earth.
Extrusive
These rocks are made of small, microscopic, or even no crystals (in the case of
obsidian), which indicates rapid cooling. Extrusive rocks cool rapidly because they
solidify at Earth's surface.
Igneous rocks are also classified by their chemical compositions. There are four
general types:
Felsic
High in silica (65% +). Usually light-colored. Examples: Rhyolite (extrusive) and
granite (intrusive)
Intermediate
Lower silica content (55-65% or so). Darker than felsic, lighter than mafic.
Examples: Andesite/dacite (extrusive) and diorite/granodiorite (intrusive)
Mafic
Low silica content (45-55% or so). Usually dark-colored. Examples: Basalt
(extrusive) and gabbro (intrusive)
Ultramafic
Extremely low silica content (less than 45%). Usually dark-colored, but high
olivine content can lend green colors. Other rare colors can be found.
Batuan Beku (intrusi dan ekstrusi)
Mineral : kristalisasi dari magma dan lava sesudah inti kristal
kecil terbentuk dan berkembang.
Pendinginan cepat yang umumnya terjadi pada batuan vulkanik
dan membentuk batuan yang bertekstur afanitik.
Pendinginan perlahan dari batuan plutonik menghasilkan batuan
bertexture fanerik.
Texture porphyritic dihasilkan dari proses pendinginan awal yang
perlahan yang diikuti oleh pendinginan cepat agar dapat
memberikan ukuran kristal yang berbeda-beda, dimana yang besar
dinamakan fenokris yang dikelilinggi oleh kristal yang lebih kecil
dinamakan matriks (masa dasar)
Texture batuan beku lainnya termasuk vesikular dan piroklastik
Komposisi magma menentukan komposisi batuan beku yang
terbentuk
Satu jenis magma dapat menghasilkan berbagai jenis batuan beku
Batuan Beku (intrusi dan ekstrusi)
Klasifikasi batuan beku didasarkan pada texture dan komposisi.
Berdasarkan texture dibagi menjadi dua group besar : Vulkanik
(ekstrusif) yang biasa halus atau afanitik dan Plutonik (intrusif)
yang biasa kasar atau fanerik.
Batuan beku volkanik bertekstur afanitik atau halus termasuk :
riolit, syenit, andesit dan basalt.
Batuan beku plutonik bertekstur fanerik atau kasar termasuk :
granit, gabro dan diorit.
Pegmatit adalah batuan beku intrusi yang sangat kasar yang
komposisinya sama dengan granit. Tekstur kasar ini dihasilkan dari
pembekuan larutan yang kaya akan fase gas (vapor-rich fluid).
Batuan Beku (intrusi dan ekstrusi)
Berdasarkan komposisi batuan beku dibagi menjadi dua yaitu :
asam ( felsic ) seperti granit & riolit dan basa ( mafik )
seperti gabro & basalt. Sedangkan batuan beku yang
komposisinya intermedier termasuk diorit & andesit.
Pluton adalah tubuh batuan beku yang mengintrusi batuan
samping atau yang membeku jauh dibawah permukaan bumi.
Intrusi diklasifikasikan berdasarkan volume dan geometri.
Intrusi yang konkordan termasuk sill dan lakolit. Intrusi
diskordan termasuk dike, vulkanik neck, batolit dan stock.
Batolit adalah batuan plutonik yang besar dengan luas
permukaan 100km2. Stock adalah batolit dengan ukuran jauh
lebih kecil.
Batuan Beku (intrusi dan ekstrusi)
Secara umum ada dua jenis magma : Asam dan Basa
Pada kondisi ideal pendinginan magma yang basa (mafic) akan
memberikan sekuen mineral yang berbeda yang stabil pada kondisi
temperatur tertentu yang dinamakan sebagai deret atau reaksi Bowen.
Reaksi Bowen terdiri dari seri yang diskontinu dan yang kontinu. Seri
diskontinu menghasilkan feromagnesian mineral, dimana setelah
terbentuk setiap mineral ini akan bereaksi kembali dengan larutan sisa
membentuk mineral dalam sekuen yang berikutnya. Dalam seri yang
kontinyu meliputi proses transformasi kristal feldspar plagioklas
dengan pergantian Calcium (Ca) dengan Sodium (Na).
Komposisi magma dapat berubah dengan berbagai cara. Pertama
terbentuk sebagai feromagnesian mineral yang mengendap pada dasar
dapur magma, menarik unsur besi dan magnesium; memperkaya sisa
magma dengan unsur lainnya. Asimilasi dengan batuan samping juga
merubah komposisi magma pada kondisi tertentu. Pencampuran
magma (magma mixing) juga dapat merubah komposisi asal magma.
PEMBENTUKAN BATUAN BEKU
PEMBENTUKAN PEMBENTUKAN
MAGMA MAGMA
TEKTONIK LEMPENG
Mikroskop
Distribusi Batuan Dalam Zona Konvergensi Lempeng
GUNUNG API
CEKUNGAN SEDIMENTASI
CEKUNGAN SEDIMENTASI
ZONA SUBDUKSI
Volcano
Pembekuan di dalam
(Batuan Beku Plutonik)
Proses Pembekuan Batuan Beku
Aliran Lava
PROSES PEMBENTUKAN MAGMA
PERCOBAAN TUTTLE-BOWEN
Batuan Beku, Intrusi dan Vulkanisme
Mineral terbentuk dari kristalisasi magma dan
lava sesudah inti kristal kecil terbentuk dan
berkembang.
Penurunan Temperatur
Proses naiknya magma akibat perubahan densitas yang dipengaruhi oleh kristalisasi
DENSITAS DAN KOMPOSISI MAGMA
Komposisi dan Texture Batuan Beku
PROSES EROSI
3 4
STRUKTUR BATUAN
DIKE
SILL (KONKORDAN) = SEJAJAR DENGAN STRUKTUR BATUAN
STRUKTUR BATUAN
SILL
VOLCANIC NECK (PLUG)
BATHOLITH: Tubuh Intrusi Dalam Yang Sangat Besar (Luasnya + 100 km2)
&
BOWEN REACTION SERIES
Batuan Beku (Intrusi dan Ekstrusi)
Asam (Felsic)
Basa (Mafic)
1) Discontinuous Branch--Olivine-Pyroxene-Amphibole-Biotite
(all ferro-magnesiun minerals) take turns forming at specific
temperatures on this branch. As the temperature progressively
decreases, each takes elements remaining in the melt and steals
from previously formed minerals to make new minerals. Biotite
is the last to form in this group, after which all iron and
magnesium remaining in the melt are used up. Obviously, the
available amounts of iron and magnesium in the melt determines
the amount of ferro-magnesium minerals formed.
2) Continuous Branch - Two flavor of Plagioclase minerals (containing
calcium and sodium) form on this branch at the same temperature range as
the Discontinuous Branch (Plagioclase is a mixture of Anorthite: CaAl2Si2O8
and Albite: NaAlSi3O8).
As less calcium remains within the melt more sodium elements are used to
form a sodium-rich plagioclase (Albite). Plagioclase is formed until all
calcium and sodium is used up in the melt.
As a magma cools, olivine crystallizes first. The olivine crystals react with
the remaining magma to form pyroxene. Pyroxene reacts with the
magma to form amphibole. Amphibole reacts with the magma to form
biotite. Each successive mineral, from olivine to biotite, has a different
composition and a different silicate crystal structure. As
crystallization proceeds, the crystal structures become more complex
(olivine has an isolated tetrahedral structure, pyroxene has a single chain
structure, amphibole has a double chain structure, and biotite has a
sheet structure). The series of minerals is called discontinuous because a
series of different minerals is formed, each with a different crystal
structure.
Thecontinuous reaction series involves the plagioclase
feldspars. Plagioclase feldspars are an example of a "solid
solution series", exhibiting gradations in chemical and physical
properties. Chemically, this series consists of two "end members":
albite or Na plagioclase (NaAlSi3O8), the sodium "end member",
and anorthite or Ca plagioclase (CaAlSi2O8), the calcium "end
member".
The formation of several different rock types from one initial magma,
through separation of earlier-formed crystals, causing the magma to
evolve to become more silica-rich, is known as magmatic
differentiation. Magmatic differentiation can produce a variety of
types of igneous rocks through evolution of the original parent
magma.
Reaksi Bowen
felsic
Reaksi Bowen dan Jenis Batuan Beku
Ultra Mafic
Basic
Intermedier
Felsic
Klasifikasi Batuan Beku
Klasifikasi Batuan Beku
The classification of igneous rocks. This graphic model describes the difference
between nine common igneous rocks based on texture of mineral grains, temperature
of crystallization, relative amounts of typical rock forming elements, and relative
proportions of silica and some common minerals
Igneous Rock Identification
Magma
Soup Somewhat Intermediate
Grain Size Light Color Dark Color Environment
du' Light Color Color
Jour
Chunky Coarse--All GRANO- Magma cooled slowly deep
stew only minerals are GRANITE DIORITE GABBRO underground
(no broth) visible DIORITE
Fine--All
Magma cooled quickly at or
Broth only minerals are RHYOLITE DACITE ANDESITE BASALT near the Earth's surface
invisible
Both coarse
and fine--
Chunky
visible Magma first cooled slowly
soup
(noodles
minerals are RHYOLITE DACITE ANDESITE BASALT deep underground, and
then erupted to surface to
and
suspended
within
PORPHYRY PORPHYRY PORPHYRY PORPHYRY cool quickly.
broth)
invisible
mineral areas