FEDERAL

DAN
KESATUAN

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1

Harsantonursadi
UNITARY,FEDERALAND
CONFEDERATION
UNITARY
Padasaatdibentuknyaadakeinginan
berbentukkesatuan;terdapatpersatuan
(union)maupun(unity).

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Bersusuntunggal
Dibawahsatupemerintahpusat
Pemerintahansubnasionalmendapatkan
kewenangannyauntukmemerintahdari
pemerintahpusat
Pemerintahandaerahdibentukdandiberikan
kekuasaanolehpemerintahpusat;tidakada
pembagiankedaulatan

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 Hanyaadasatubadanpembentukundang
undang
Thesupremacyofthecentralparliamentand
Theabsenceofthesubsidiarysovereignbodies

Pemerintahdaerahtidakbolehmembentuk
peraturanyangbertentangandengan

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perundangundanganpusat
Parlementyangdimilikitidakselalumenganut
duakamar(bicameral)

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 FEDERAL
Padasaatdibentukmenginginkanpersatuan(union)
tetapitidakmenginginkankesatuan(unity)
TerdapatsejumlahCanton(Suisse);ColoniState
(USA);Province(Canada);Lander(Jerman)yang

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sangatterkaitdenganlokalitassejarah,rasdan
lainnyasehinggamembawarasakebangsaanyang
sama
Berasaldaribahasalatinfoedusyangberarti
perjanjian;berjanjibersatudalamsatukesatuan
politik;tertuangdalamkonstitusifederal.
Bersusunbertingkat:Federal(negara)dan
Kesatuankesatuanpolitikyangbergabung
Terdapatduabadanlegislatif(legislature)badan
legislatiffederaldanbadanlegislatifnegarabagian
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 Kekuasaannegarabagiandiberikandiaturolehpada
konstitusifederal.Pembagiankekuasaandengan
cara
Konstitusifederalmerincikekuasaanpemerintahfederal,
sisanyayangdisebutreservepowersdimilikiolehnegara
bagian

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KonstitusifederalmerincikekuasaanNegaraBagian,

reservepowersnyaadapadapemerintahfederal
Terdapatlembagayangdapatmenyelesaikankonflik
yangtimbulantarnegarabagianatauatarnegara
bagiandenganpemerintahfederalnya
Negarafederalberdaulatdalamlingkungannya
sendiriyangditentukandandibatasi
Negarabagianbukankorporasibawahandari
pemerintahfederal
Parlementselaludianutsistemduakamar
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 CONFEDERERASI
Ikatandaribeberapanegaraberdaulat
Dibentukberdasarkansuatuperjanjian
internasionaldiantaranegaranegarayang
berdaulat
Tidakdimaksudkanuntukmembentuknegara

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baruyangberdaulat
Komponenkomponennegarakonfederasitetap
suatunegarautuh,tidakmenghilangkan
kedaulatannegaranegaraanggotanya
Warganegarayangbergabungdalam
konfederasitidaklangsungterikatdengan
peraturanorganorganyangada.

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 FEDERALKESATUAN
Lijphart (1984, dalam Work 2002: 7, Baldi 1999:
12)
Federalisme sering diikuti dengan desentralisasi,

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Federalisme bukan prasyarat untuk desentralisasi .
Federalisme maupun sistem negara kesatuan dapat
berkarakter desentralisasi ataupun sentralisasi.
Desentralisasi dapat terjadi pada sistem kenegaraan
yang tidak mengenal federalisme.
Azfar et.al. , (1999: 8)
negara federal tidak selamanya lebih terdesentralisasi.
terdapat kecenderungan bahwa di negara federal
7
derajat sentralisasinya lebih rendah dibanding negara
kesatuan.
Work (2002: 11): There is no broad-based
generalisation that can be made about the
correlation of federal/unitary states and
decentralisation .

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Smith (1985, dalam Azfar et.al. , 1999: 8)
Negara kesatuan dapat melakukan devolusi
terhadap urusan-urusan penting, yang
memunculkan bentuk baru negara yakni semi-
federal (quasi-federal arrangement).
Model ini dapat bersifat seragam (uniform ) atau
tidak seragam (asymmetrical).
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 Prasojo(2008)
Tidakmungkinterdapatsuatunegarayangsangatbersifat
unitarisatausebaliknyasangatbersifatfederalis.
Elemenhubunganantarapusatdandaerahtidakbersifat
monosentris,melainkanpolisentrisbergerakdarisatu
kontinuumkekontinuumlainnya,darikontinuumunitariske

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kontinuumfederalisdansebaliknya.
BodoDenewitz(dalamPrasojo,2008)federalismedan
unitarismeadalahduakonsepkembaryangtidakmungkin
membicarakansatutanpamembicarakanyglainnya.
Basta(tanpatahun:29)thereisnocompletelyunitary
state.Everystateisatleastcomposedofmunicipalitiesas
decentralizedunits.
Korelasiantarakonsepnegarakesatuandengannegara
federaltidakbersifatdikhotomis,melainkanmembentuk
sebuahhubunganmatriks/kontinuum 9
 Confederation Federation UnitaryState
1. WeakCentralization 1. Moderate 1. HighCentralization
2. Sovereigntyinthe Centralization 2. Undivided
constituentunits 2. Sovereigntydivides sovereignty
3. Actsdirectlyon betweencentral 3. Actsdirectlyon
constituentunits,not governmentand individuals
onindividuals constituentunits 4. Norightto

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4. Usuallyaformal 3. Actsbothon secession
righttosecession constituentunitsand 5. Nationallaw
5. Centralgovernment individuals supreme;local
canbeoverruledby 4. Generallynorightto ordinanceclearly
constituentunit secession subordinate
governmentsocalled 5. Nationallawsupreme 6. Singletaxation
nullification initssphere; system;local
6. Centralgovernment constituentunitsin variationsmustbe
fundedby theirs approvebycentral
contributionsfrom 6. Dualtaxationsystem authority
constituentunits forbothlevelsof 7. Exp:United
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7. Example:USAbefore government Kingdom;France;
1789;Germany 7. Exp:USAsince1789; Spain;Poland;
before1871;Suisse; Canada;West Israel;Algeria;
NEGARA-NEGARA FEDERAL

Terdapat 24 negara Federal di Dunia

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 FEDERALREPUBLICS
Federalrepublicsarefederalstatesinwhichtheadministrativedivisions(statesorprovinces)
theoreticallyretainadegreeofautonomywhichisconstitutionallyprotected,andcannotberevoked
unilaterallybythenationalgovernment .
1. RepublicofArgentina(since1852)
2. RepublicofAustria
3. FederativeRepublicofBrazil(sinceNovember15th,1889)
4. BosniaandHerzegovina(since1995)
5. FederalRepublicofCameroon(19611972)

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6. CommonwealthofEngland(16491653)
7. Czechoslovakia(CzechandSlovakFederativeRepublic)(19691992)
8. FederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia(unitaryrepublic19741994;federalrepublicsince1994)
9. FederalRepublicofGermany(since1918)
10. RepublicofColombia(18191886),knownasGreatColombiafrom1819to1831,whenitincludedpresentdayEcuador,
VenezuelaandPanama.
11. RepublicofIndia(sinceJanuary26,1950)
12. UnitedStatesofIndonesia(19491950)
13. UnitedMexicanStates[20](since1917)
14. FederalDemocraticRepublicofNepal(since2007)
15. FederalRepublicofNigeria(196366:1stRepublic,197983:2ndRepublic,1993:3rdRepublic,1999present:
4thRepublic)
16. IslamicRepublicofPakistan(since1956,DeclarationoftheIslamicRepublic)
17. RussianFederation(sinceNovember7,1917;upto1991itwasnamedRussianSovietFederativeSocialistRepublic)
18. UnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(19221991)
19. SwissConfederation(since1848)
20. UnionofMyanmar
21. UnitedProvincesofCentralAmerica(18231840) 12
22. UnitedStatesofAmerica(since1789)
23. BolivarianRepublicofVenezuela
24. Yugoslavia:FederalPeople'sRepublicofYugoslavia(19461963),SocialistFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(19631992),
FederalRepublicofYugoslavia(19922003)
NEGARA-NEGARA UNITARY

Terdapat 148 negara Unitary di Dunia

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UNITARY REPUBLIC

1. Republic of Acre (1st: 1899-1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 19.People's Republic of China
1903) 20.Republic of Colombia (unitary republic since 1886)
2. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (republic since 21.Republic of the Congo
1973) 22.Democratic Republic of the Congo
3. Republic of Albania (since 1946) 23.Corsican Republic (1755-1769)[8]
4. People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 24.Cospaia (1440-1826)
5. Republic of Armenia (1st: May 28, 1918; Current: 25.Republic of Costa Rica
December 25, 1991) 26.Republic of Cte d'Ivoire
6. Republic of Azerbaijan (1st: 28 May 1918; Re- 27.Republic of Croatia
established: 18 October 1991) 28.Republic of Cuba
29.Republic of Cyprus
7. People's Republic of Bangladesh
30.Czech Republic
8. Republic of Benin
31.Republic of Djibouti
9. Plurinational State of Bolivia
32.Commonwealth of Dominica
10.Republic of Botswana
33.Dominican Republic (1801-1861, 1844-present)
11.Republic of Bulgaria (since 1946)
34.Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
12.Burkina Faso
35.Republic of Ecuador
13.Republic of Burundi (since 1966)
36.Arab Republic of Egypt (since 1953)
14.Republic of Cameroon (unitary republic 1960-
37.Republic of El Salvador
1961 and 1972-present; federal republic 1961-
38.Republic of Equatorial Guinea
1972)
39.State of Eritrea
15.Republic of Cape Verde 40.Republic of Ezo (1868-1869)
16.Central African Republic (1958-1976; restored 41.Republic of the Fiji Islands (since 1987)
1979) 42.Finnish Democratic Republic (1 December 1939 to 12 March
17.Republic of Chad 1940)
18.Republic of Chile 43.Republic of Finland (since 1919)

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44.
Republic of Formosa (1895)
78.Republic of Lithuania
45.
Independent Commune of Franceville (1889)[9]
79.Lokot Republic (1941-1943)
46.
French Republic (1st: 1792-1804; 2nd: 1848-1852; 3rd: 1870-1940; 4th:
1945-1958 and 5th, since 1958)[citation needed] 80.Republic of Macedonia (1991-)
47.
Gabonese Republic 81.Republic of Madagascar
48.
Republic of The Gambia (since 1970) 82.Republic of Malai (since 1966)
49.
Georgia 83.Republic of Maldives (since 1968)
50.
Republic of Ghana (since 1960) 84.Republic of Mali (since 1960)
51.
Goust (since 1648) 85.Republic of Malta (since 1974)
52.
Hellenic Republic (1st: 18221832; 2nd: 1924-1935; 3rd: since 1974) 86.Republic of the Marshall Islands
53.
Republic of Guatemala 87.Islamic Republic of Mauritania
54.
Republic of Guinea[citation needed] 88.Republic of Mauritius (since 1992)
55.
Republic of Guinea-Bissau[citation needed] 89.Menton and Roquebrune (1848-1861)
56.
Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 1970) is a "Co-operative Republic"[ 90.Republic of Moldova
citation needed]
91.Mongolia (since 1924)
57.
Republic of Haiti (1806-1849; restored 1859)[citation needed] 92.Republic of Montenegro (since 2006)
58.
Republic of Hawaii (1894-1898) 93.Republic of Mozambique
59.
Republic of Honduras
94.State of Muskogee (1799-1803)
60.
Republic of Hungary (since 1946)
95.Republic of Namibia
61.
Republic of Iceland (republic since 1944)
96.Republic of Nauru
62.
Republic of Indonesia (Unitary republic since August 1950)
97.Republic of Nicaragua
63.
Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
98.Republic of Niger
64.
Republic of Iraq (since 1958)
99.Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948)
65.
Ireland (republic since 1949)
100.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956)
66.
Israel (since 1948) [10]
101.
Republic of Palau
67.
Italian Social Republic (1943 - 1945)[11]
102.
Republic of Panama
68.
Italian Republic (since 1946)
103.
Republic of Paraguay
69.
Republic of Kazakhstan
104.
Republic of Peru
70.
Republic of Kenya (since 1964)
71.
Republic of Kiribati 105.
Republic of the Philippines (Thrice, two overlapping:
First Philippine Republic (1898-1901), Commonwealth of the Philippines
72.
Kyrgyz Republic
to the Fifth Republic of the Philippines (1934-present),
73.
Lao People's Democratic Republic (since 1975) Second Philippine Republic (1943-1945))
74.
Republic of Latvia 106.
Republic of Poland
75.
Republic of Lebanon (November 22, 1943) 107.
Republic of Portugal (since 1910)
76.
Republic of Liberia
108.
Romania (since 1947)
77.
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (since 1969)
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109.
Republic of Rwanda (since 1961) 128.
Syrian Arab Republic
110.
Russian Republic (from September 14, 1917 up to 129.
Republic of China (Taiwan) (established 1912,
November 7, 1917; de-facto - since current Constitution since 1947)
February Revolution up to October Revolution) 130.
Republic of Tajikistan
111.
Independent State of Samoa (since 2007) 131.
United Republic of Tanzania
112.
Most Serene Republic of San Marino (since 301) 132.
Republic of Texas (1836-1845) [16]
133.
Togolese Republic
113.
Democratic Republic of So Tom and Prncipe
134.
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976)
114.
Republic of Senegal
135.
Tunisian Republic (since 1957)
115.
Republic of Serbia
136.
Republic of Turkey (republic since 1923)[17]
116.
Republic of Seychelles 137.
Republic of Turkmenistan
117.
Republic of Sierra Leone (since 1971) 138.
Republic of Uganda (since 1963)
118.
Republic of Singapore (since 1965) 139.
Ukraine
119.
Slovak Republic (19391945)[15] 140.
Oriental Republic of Uruguay
120.
Republic of Slovenia 141.
Republic of Uzbekistan
121.
Republic of Somalia 142.
Republic of Vanuatu
122.
Republic of South Africa (since 1961) 143.
Vermont Republic (1777 - 1791)[18]
123.
Republic of Korea (since 1948) 144.
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
145.
Republic of West Florida (1810)
124.
Spain (Twice: First Spanish Republic (18731874),
Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939)) 146.
Republic of Yemen (former
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and
125.
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (since Yemen Arab Republic)
1972) 147.
Republic of Zambia
126.
Republic of the Sudan 148.
Republic of Zimbabwe, formerly Republic of Rhodesia
127.
Republic of Suriname (1970-1979)

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CONFEDERALREPUBLICS
Confederalrepublicsareassociationsofsovereign
states,usuallyhavingpowerovercriticalcommon

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issuessuchasdefenceandforeignaffairs:
ConfederateStatesofAmerica(18611865)
StateUnionofSerbiaandMontenegro(20032006)
SwissConfederation(1848today)
UnitedStatesofAmerica(underthe
ArticlesofConfederation,17761789)
SenegambiaConfederation(19821989)
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REPUBLIK INDONESIA SERIKAT

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18
27Desember1949sampaidengan17Agustus1950
Negara Bagian Otonom -non federasi
1. Negara Republik 1. Jawa Tengah
Indonesia 2. Kalimantan Barat
2. Negara Indonesia Timur (Daerah Istimewa)
3. Negara Pasundan 3. Dayak Besar

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(termasuk distrik 4. Daerah Banjar
Federal Jakarta) 5. Kalimantan Tenggara
4. Negara Jawa Timur 6. Kalimantan Timur
5. Negara Madura (tidak termasuk ex
6. Negara Sumatera Timur Kesultanan Pasir)
7. Negara Sumatera 7. Bangka
Selatan 8. Belitung
9. Riau

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PIAGAM KONSTITUSI RIS DITANDATANGANI OLEH PARA
PIMPINAN NEGARA/DAERAH DARI 16 NEGARA/DAERAH
BAGIAN RIS
1. Mr. Susanto Tirtoprodjo dari Negara Republik Indonesia menurut
perjanjian Renville.
2. Sultan Hamid II dari Daerah Istimewa Kalimantan Barat
3. Ide Anak Agoeng Gde Agoeng dari Negara Indonesia Timur

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4. R. A. A. Tjakraningrat dari Negara Madura
5. Mohammad Hanafiah dari Daerah Banjar
6. Mohammad Jusuf Rasidi dari Bangka
7. K.A. Mohammad Jusuf dari Belitung
8. Muhran bin Haji Ali dari Dayak Besar
9. Dr. R.V. Sudjito dari Jawa Tengah
10. Raden Soedarmo dari Negara Jawa Timur
11. M. Jamani dari Kalimantan Tenggara
12. A.P. Sosronegoro dari Kalimantan Timur
13. Mr. Djumhana Wiriatmadja dari Negara Pasundan
14. Radja Mohammad dari Riau
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15. Abdul Malik dari Negara Sumatera Selatan
16. Radja Kaliamsyah Sinaga dari Negara Sumatera Timur