Chapter 1: Networking

Fundamentals
CCNA R&S Bootcamp
Agenda
Internetworking Basics
Network Devices Components
The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models
Planning and Cabling Networks
Network History
Just a few years ago, people communicated mostly on a local
level because communicating with people far away was
complicated and expensive.
People talked in person or used the telephone for most voice
communication, the postal service delivered most of the
written messages, and the television broadcast one-way video
communication.
Each of these methods is still working, but all three of them
are converging into web-based communication technologies.
Early data networks were limited to exchanging character-
based information between connected computer systems.
Current networks have evolved to carry voice, video streams,
text, and graphics between many different types of devices.
Todays Popular Communication Tools
Instant messaging (IM): real-time text communication
between two or more users and it has expanded to
include voice, photo and video sharing, and file transfers
Blogs: also known as weblogs, are web pages where
people can publish their personal opinions and thoughts
about any conceivable topic
Podcasting: an audio-based medium that originally
enabled people to record audio and convert it for use with
iPodssmall, portable devices for audio playback
manufactured by Apple
Wiki: another example of publicly created web content.
Individuals create blogs, but wiki web pages are created
and edited by groups of people sharing information
Etc
Elements of a Network
Rules or agreements: Rules or agreements (protocols)
govern how the messages are sent, directed, received,
and interpreted
Messages: The messages or units of information travel
from one device to another
Medium: A medium is a means of interconnecting these
devices, that is, a medium can transport the messages
from one device to another
Devices: Devices on the network exchange messages
with each other
Network Devices & Components
Four major components
Endpoint
PCs, Servers, Printers, Smart Phones, etc.
Interconnections
NIC card, Media, Connectors.
Switches
Connects end points to the Local Area Network (LAN).
Routers
Connect multiple LANs to form Internetworks.
Chooses best path between LAN and Wide Area Network
(WAN)
Type of Network Media
Copper
Example: Twisted-pair cable usually used as LAN media
Encoding: Electrical pulses
Fiber-optic cable
Example: Glass or plastic fibers in a vinyl coating usually
used for long runs in a LAN and as a trunk
Encoding: Light pulses
Wireless
Example: Connects local users through the air
Encoding: Electromagnetic waves
Type of Switches
Three level of heirarchy
Access Switch
Distribution/Aggregation Switch
Core Switch
You can find series of the switch from this site:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/index.html
Types of Routers
Three main categories
Branch: Lower end for SOHO or remote office connections
WAN/Enterprise Edge: Mid to High end for main office
connections
Service Provider: High end for large scale Internet routing
You can find series of the router from this site:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/routers/index.html
Interpreting Network Diagrams
Two types of network diagrams
Physical diagrams
Show how devices are physically connected together
Typically includes physical port assignment
Logical diagrams
Show high level view of how data moves through the network
Useful for troubleshooting layer 3 or above issues
Typically includes:
Ethernet VLAN information
Layer 2 WAN addressing
Layer 3 IP Addressing
Routing protocol information
Logical Network Diagram Icons
Different Types of Topologies
The physical topology: what the network looks like and
how all the cables and devices are connected to each
other.
Bus topology
Ring topology
Star topology
full-mesh topology
The logical topology: The path our data signals take
through the physical topology
Converged Networks
Design Choices in Ethernet LAN & WAN
Terminology of LAN
Collision Domains: referred to an Ethernet concept of all
ports whose transmitted frames would cause a collision
with frames sent by other devices in the collision domain
Hubs create one collision domain
Bridges or Switch break up collision domains
Routers break up collision domains and use logical addressing
to filter the network
Broadcast Domains: An Ethernet broadcast domain is the
set of devices to which that broadcast is delivered
Hubs create one broadcast domain
Bridge or Switch create one large broadcast domain
Routers break up broadcast domains and use logical
addressing to filter the network
Design Choices in Ethernet LAN & WAN
Examples 1#
Design Choices in Ethernet LAN & WAN
Examples 2#
Design Choices in Ethernet LAN & WAN
Quiz: In the following exhibit, identify the number of collision
domains and broadcast domains in each specified device
LANs, WANs, and Internetworks
Scalable Network Architecture
A scalable network is
able to grow without
undergoing
fundamental change at
its core and the
Internet is an example
of scalable design
The Internet has
grown exponentially in
the past decade or so,
and the core design is
unchanged
The Internet is a
collection of many
private and public
networks
interconnected by
routers
Protocol and Reference Models
A protocol model provides a model that closely
matches the structure of a particular protocol suite
The TCP/IP model is a protocol model because it
describes the functions that occur at each layer of
protocols within the TCP/IP suite
A reference model provides a common reference for
maintaining consistency within all types of network
protocols and services
The primary purpose of a reference model is to aid in
clearer understanding of the functions and process
involved
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is the
most widely known internetwork reference model
OSI and TCP/IP Models
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Communication Process
A complete communication process includes these steps:
Creation of data at the application layer of the originating
source end device
Segmentation and encapsulation of data as it passes down the
protocol stack in the source end device
Generation of the data onto the media at the network access
layer of the stack
Transportation of the data through the internetwork, which
consists of media and any intermediary devices
Reception of the data at the network access layer of the
destination end device
Decapsulation and reassembly of the data as it passes up the
stack in the destination device
Passing this data to the destination application at the
application layer of the destination end device
TCP/IP Encapsulation
OSI Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, known
as the OSI model, provides an abstract description of the
network communication process
Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) to provide a road map for
nonproprietary protocol development, the OSI model did
not evolve as readily as the TCP/IP model
The OSI model is just a reference model, so
manufacturers have been free to create protocols and
products that combine functions of one or more layers
As designed, the communication process begins at the
application layer of the source, and data is passed down
to each lower layer to be encapsulated with supporting
data until it reaches the physical layer and is put out on
the media
OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits
The following list summarizes the benefits of layered
protocol specifications:
Less complex
Standard interfaces
Easier to learn
Easier to develop
Multivendor interoperability
Modular engineering
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP
OSI Reference Model Layer Definitions
Application: Performs services for the applications used by the end
users.
Presentation: Provides data format information to the application.
For example, the presentation layer tells the application layer
whether there is encryption or whether it is a .jpg picture.
Session: Manages sessions between users. For example, the
session layer will synchronize multiple web sessions and voice and
video data in web conferences.
Transport: Defines data segments and numbers them at the source,
transfers the data, and reassembles the data at the destination.
Network: Creates and addresses packets for end-to-end delivery
through Creates and addresses packets for end-to-end delivery
through
Data Link: Creates and addresses frames for host-to-host delivery
on the local LANs and between WAN devices.
Physical: Transmits binary data over media between devices.
Physical layer protocols define media specifications.
OSI Reference ModelExample
Devices and Protocols
OSI Encapsulation Terminology
Like TCP/IP, each OSI layer asks for services from
the next lower layer
To provide the services, each layer makes use of a
header and possibly a trailer
OSI uses a more generic term: protocol data unit
(PDU)
A PDU represents the bits that include the headers and
trailers for that layer, as well as the encapsulated data
OSI Encapsulation Process
Application Layer Protocols
The most widely known TCP/IP application layer
protocols are:
Domain Name System (DNS): Used to resolve Internet
names to IP addresses
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Used to transfer
files that make up the web pages of the World Wide Web
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Used for the
transfer of mail messages and attachments
Telnet: a terminal emulation protocol, is used to provide
remote access to servers and networking devices
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Used for interactive file
transfer between systems
Application Layer Protocols Port
TCP and UDP port numbers normally associated
with these services. Some of these services are:
Domain Name System (DNS): TCP/UDP port 53
HTTP: TCP port 80
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): TCP port 25
Post Office Protocol (POP): UDP port 110
Telnet: TCP port 23
DHCP: UDP port 67
FTP: TCP ports 20 and 21
User Applications, Services, and
Application Layer Protocols
Application Layer Protocol Functions
Client/Server Model
Application Layer Protocol Functions
Finding the Web Server Using DNS
Application Layer Protocol Functions
Transferring Files with HTTP
Application Layer Protocol Functions
Multiple Clients Service Requests
OSI Transport Layer
Provides transparent transfer of data between end
users
Providing reliable data transfer services to the upper
layers
Controls the reliability of a given link through flow
control, segmentation/desegmentation, and error
control
The two most common transport layer protocols of
the TCP/IP protocol suite are:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Purpose of the Transport Layer
The following are the primary responsibilities of the
transport layer:
Tracking the individual communications between
applications on the source and destination hosts
Segmenting data and managing each piece
Reassembling the segments into streams of application
data
Identifying the different applications
Performing flow control between end users
Enabling error recovery
Initiating a session
Transport Layer Protocols
Transport Layer Protocols
Key Features of TCP and UDP
TCP UDP
Sequenced Unsequenced
Reliable Unreliable
Connection-oriented Connectionless
Virtual circuit Low overhead
Acknowledgments No acknowledgment
Windowing flow control No windowing or flow control
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP, as defined in RFC 793
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
TCP provides error recovery, but to do so, it consumes more
bandwidth and uses more processing cycles
Additional functions specified by TCP are same-order delivery,
reliable delivery, and flow control
Before a transmitting host starts to send segments down the
model, the senders TCP stack contacts the destinations TCP
stack to establish a connection. What is created is known as a
virtual circuit
The following applications use TCP:
Web browsers
E-mail
File transfers
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
TCP Header Fields

More Information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol

TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
Port Addressing
The header of each segment or datagram contains a source and
destination port
The source port number is the number for this communication associated
with the originating application on the local host
The destination port number is the number for this communication
associated with the destination application on the remote host.
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
Multiplexing Using TCP Port Numbers
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
Connections Between Sockets
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
Popular Applications and Their Well-Known Port
Numbers
FTP data: TCP port 20
FTP control: TCP port 21
SSH: TCP port 22
Telnet: TCP port 23
SMTP: TCP port 25
DNS: TCP/UDP port 53
DHCP: UDP port 67,68
TFTP: UDP port 69
HTTP (WWW): TCP port 80
POP3: TCP port 110
SNMP: TCP port 161
SSL: TCP port 443
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
TCP three-way handshake
Three-way connection establishment flow (also called a
three-way handshake) must complete before data transfer
can begin
ACK: Acknowledgment field significant
SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
TCP Session Termination
To close a connection, the FIN control flag in the segment
header must be set. To end each one-way TCP session, a two-
way handshake is used, consisting of a FIN segment and an
ACK segment
ACK: Acknowledgment field significant
FIN: No more data from sender
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
TCP Acknowledgment with Windowing
One of TCPs functions is to make sure that each segment reaches its
destination
The TCP services on the destination host acknowledge the data that they
have received to the source application
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
TCP Retransmission
TCP provides methods of managing these segment
losses, including a mechanism to retransmit segments
with unacknowledged data
A destination host service using TCP usually only
acknowledges data for contiguous sequence bytes
If one or more segments are missing, only the data in the
segments that complete the stream is acknowledged
If segments with sequence numbers 1500 to 3000 and 3400 to
3500 were received
The acknowledgment number would be 3001, because
segments with the sequence numbers 3001 to 3399 have not
been received
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
TCP Congestion Control: Minimizing Segment Loss
Flow Control
Assists the reliability of TCP transmission by adjusting the effective
rate of data flow between the two services in the session
When the source is informed that the specified amount of data in
the segments is received, it can continue sending more data for
this session.
The window size field in the TCP header specifies the amount of
data that can be transmitted before an acknowledgment must be
received
Dynamic Window Sizes
Another way to control the data flow is to use dynamic window
sizes
When network resources are constrained, TCP can reduce the
window size to require that received segments be acknowledged
more frequently
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
TCP Segment Acknowledgment and Window Size
the initial window size for a TCP session represented is set to
3000 bytes
When the sender has transmitted 3000 bytes, it waits for an
acknowledgment of these bytes before transmitting more
segments in this session
After the sender has received this acknowledgment from the
receiver, the sender can transmit an additional 3000 bytes.
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP
TCP Congestion and Flow Control
if a receiving host has congestion, it can respond to the
sending host with a segment with a reduced window size
The receiver changed the window size field in the TCP header
of the returning segments in this conversation from 3000 to
1500
This caused the sender to reduce the window size to 1500
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: UDP
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
UDP is a simple, connectionless protocol, described in RFC
768.
A simple protocol that provides the basic transport layer
functions
It has much lower overhead than TCP, because it is not
connection oriented and does not provide the sophisticated
retransmission, sequencing, and flow control mechanisms
UDP is connectionless and provides no reliability, no
windowing, no reordering of the received data, and no
segmentation of large chunks of data into the right size for
transmission
Applications that use UDP include:
Domain Name System (DNS)
Video streaming
Voice over IP (VoIP)
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: UDP
UDP Header Fields

More Information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol

TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: UDP
UDP Datagram Reassembly
Because UDP is connectionless, sessions are not established before
communication takes place as they are with TCP
UDP has no way to reorder the datagrams into their transmission order
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: UDP
UDP Client Processes
Because UDP does not create a session, as soon as the
data is ready to be sent and the ports are identified, UDP
can form the datagram and pass it to the network layer to
be addressed and sent on the network
OSI Network Layer
The network layer describes four tasks to be
performed:
Encapsulation & Decapsulation
Addressing packets with an IP address
Routing
Router devices working here
OSI Network Layer
Encapsulation & Decapsulation
Each PDU sent between networks needs to be identified with
source and destination IP addresses in an IP header
The IP header contains the address information and some
other bits that identify the PDU as a network layer PDU
An IP packet arrives at a routers network interface
encapsulated in a Layer 2 frame on the physical OSI layer. The
routers network interface card (NIC) accepts the packet,
removes the Layer 2 encapsulation data, and sends the packet
up to the network layer

Segment Dest. Port Source Port .. Data

Packet Dest. IP Source IP Protocol Segment

OSI Network Layer
The following sections describe the protocols at the
Network layer:
Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Proxy ARP
OSI Network Layer
Internet Protocol (IP)
IP requires each sending and receiving device to have a unique
IP address
Devices in IP networks that have IP addresses are called hosts
The IP address of the sending host is known as the source IP
address
IPv4 uses 32-bit (four-byte) addresses, which limits the address
space to 4294967296 (232) addresses
IPv4 is described in IETF publication RFC 791 (September
1981), replacing an earlier definition (RFC 760, January 1980)
IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet-switched
networks. It operates on a best effort delivery model, in that it
does not guarantee delivery, nor does it assure proper
sequencing or avoidance of duplicate delivery
OSI Network Layer
IPv4 Header

Other Protocol Number

ICMP 1
IGRP 9
OSPF 89

More Information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4

OSI Network Layer
IPv4 Address Format
OSI Network Layer
IP Terminology
BIT: A bit is one digit, either a 1 or a 0
BYTE: A byte is 7 or 8 bits, depending on whether parity
is used
OCTET: An octet, made up of 8 bits, is just an ordinary 8-
bit binary number
NETWORK ADDRESS: This is the designation used in
routing to send packets to a remote network. for example:
10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and 192.168.10.0
BROADCASR ADDRESS: The address used by
applications and hosts to send information to all nodes on
a network is called the broadcast address. Example:
10.255.255.255, 172.16.255.255, and 192.168.10.255
OSI Network Layer
Conversion Biner to Decimal
Biner Decimal
10000000 128
11000000 192
11100000 224
11110000 240
11111000 248
11111100 252
11111110 254
11111111 255
BINARY 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 DECIMAL
10000100 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 132
11010010 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 210
10111000 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 184
10100110 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 166
OSI Network Layer
Conversion Biner to Hexadecimal
Nilai Hex Nilai Biner Nilai Desimal
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
OSI Network Layer
Conversion Biner to Hexadecimal
Nilai Hex Nilai Biner Nilai Desimal
A 1010 10
B 1011 11
C 1100 12
D 1101 13
E 1110 14
F 1111 15
OSI Network Layer
Example: Decimal Biner Hexadecimal
172.16.30.56
10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
AC.10.1E.38

Example: Hexadecimal Biner Decimal

50:B7:C3:4E:F7:8A
01010000:10110111:11000011:01001110:11110111:10001010
80:183:195:78:247:138
OSI Network Layer
IPv4 Address Classes
OSI Network Layer
IPv4 Private Address - RFC 1918
Used within local networks only (behind routers and
firewalls)
Using NAT (Network Address Translation) technology to
route IPv4 Private Address to public network.
OSI Network Layer
Broadcast Address
Layer 2 broadcasts: These are sent to all nodes on a LAN
Example: FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF
Broadcasts (layer 3): These are sent to all nodes on the
network
Example: 172.16.255.255
Unicast: These are sent to a single destination host
Multicast: These are packets sent from a single source
and transmitted to many devices on different networks
Example: 224.0.0.9 (RIP Multicast), 224.0.0.5 (OSPF Multicast),
224.0.0.10 (EIGRP Multicast).
Anycast: methodology in which datagrams from a single
sender are routed to the topologically nearest node in a
group of potential receivers
OSI Network Layer
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
It is used by the operating systems of networked computers to
send error messages indicating
Ping uses an ICMP echo request datagram testing IP
connectivity between hosts.
Traceroute using ICMP time-outs, Traceroute is used to
discover the path a packet takes as it traverses an internetwork

More Info: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol

OSI Network Layer
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
An Internet protocol used to map an IP address to a MAC address.
Defined in RFC 826
When IP has a datagram to send, it must inform a Network Access
protocol, such as Ethernet or Token Ring, of the destinations hardware
address on the local network
ARP table
A list of IP addresses of neighbors on the same VLAN, along with their
MAC addresses, as kept in memory by hosts and routers

More Info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol

OSI Network Layer
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
RARP resolves Ethernet (MAC) addresses to IP addresses
When an IP machine happens to be a diskless machine, it has
no way of initially knowing its IP address
discovers the identity of the IP address for diskless machines
by sending out a packet that includes its MAC address and a
request for the IP address assigned to that MAC address

More Info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RARP

OSI Network Layer
Proxy Address Resolution Protocol (Proxy ARP)
A technique by which a device on a given network answers the
ARP queries for a network address that is not on that network

More Info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_ARP

OSI Network Layer
IPv4 Routing
Hosts actually use some simple routing logic when
choosing where to send a packet
If the destination IP address is in the same IP subnet as I
am, send the packet directly to that destination host
Otherwise, send the packet to my default gateway, also
known as a default router. (This router has an interface on
the same subnet as the host.)
OSI Network Layer
Two types of packets are used at the Network layer
Data packets used to transport user data through the
internetwork. Protocols used to support data traffic are called
routed protocols
Route update packets used to update neighboring routers
about the networks connected to all routers within the
internetwork. Protocols that send route update packets are
called routing protocols
Data Link Layer
Provides a means for exchanging data over a common local media
Provides the physical transmission of the data and handles error notification, network
topology, and flow control
Ensure that messages are delivered to the proper device on a LAN using hardware
addresses and will translate messages from the Network layer into bits for the
Physical layer to transmit
The Data Link layer formats the message into pieces, each called a data frame, and
adds a customized header containing the hardware destination and source address
Bridge and Switch devices working here

More Info: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link_layer

Data Link Layer
Data Link Sub-Layer
Logical Link Control (LLC) places information in the frame that identifies which
network layer protocol is being used for the frame. This information allows multiple
Layer 3 protocols, such as IPv4, IPv6, and IPX, to utilize the same network
interface and media.
MAC provides data link layer addressing and delimiting of data according to the
physical signaling requirements of the medium and the type of data link layer
protocol in use.
Data Link Layer
Ethernet Addressing
Ethernet addresses, also called Media Access Control (MAC)
addresses, are 6-byte-long (48-bit-long) binary numbers
For convenience, most computers list MAC addresses as 12-
digit hexadecimal numbers
Most MAC addresses represent a single NIC or other Ethernet
port, so these addresses are often called a unicast Ethernet
address
Data Link Layer
Sample Data Link Layer Frames:
Ethernet
PPP
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
Frame Relay
ATM
Data Link Layer
Ethernet Protocol for LANs
Ethernet is a family of networking technologies that are defined
in the IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 standards
Ethernet standards define both the Layer 2 protocols and the
Layer 1 technologies
Ethernet is the most widely used LAN technology and supports
data bandwidths of 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000 Mbps
Ethernet provides unacknowledged connectionless service
over a shared media using CSMA/CD as the media access
method
Data Link Layer
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/collision detect
(CSMA/CD)
A protocol that helps devices share the bandwidth evenly
without having two devices transmit at the same time on the
network medium
When a host wants to transmit over the network, it first checks
for the presence of a digital signal on the wire
If all is clear (no other host is transmitting), the host will then
proceed with its transmission
When a collision occurs on an Ethernet LAN
A jam signal informs all devices that a collision occurred
The collision invokes a random backoff algorithm
Each device on the Ethernet segment stops transmitting for a short
time until the timers expire
All hosts have equal priority to transmit after the timers have
expired
Physical layer
This layer typically refers to standards from other
organizations. These standards deal with the physical
characteristics of the transmission medium, including
connectors, pins, use of pins, electrical currents,
encoding, light modulation, and the rules for how to
activate and deactivate the use of the physical medium.
Example Devices:
LAN Hub
LAN Repeater
Cables
Example Protocols:
RJ-45
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)

More Info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_layer

Physical layer
A duplex communication system is a point-to-point
system composed of two connected parties or
devices that can communicate with one another in
both directions, simultaneously. An example of a
duplex device is a telephone
Half-duplex: A half-duplex (HDX) system provides
communication in both directions, but only one direction
at a time (not simultaneously).
Full-duplex: A full-duplex (FDX), or sometimes double-
duplex system, allows communication in both directions,
and, unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen
simultaneously.
Physical layer
Half Dulplex (CSMA/CD)
Unidirectional data flow
Higher potential for collision
Hub connectivity
One wire pair
Shared collision domain
Lower Effective Throughput
Full Duplex
Point-to-point only
Attached to dedicated switched port
Required full-duplex support on both
ends
Collision free
Collision detect circuit disabled
Two wire pair
Physical layer
Types of Physical Media
Copper
Fiber
Wireless
Media Maximum Segment
Length
10BASE-T EIA/TIA Category 3, 4, or 5 100 m (328 feet)
UTP, four-pair
100BASE-TX EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP, two- 100 m (328 feet)
pair
100BASE-FX 5.0/62.5-micron multimode fiber 2 km (6562 feet)
100BASE-CX STP 25 m (82 feet)
10GBASE-ZR Single-mode fiber Up to 80 km
Physical layer
Building Physical Ethernet Networks with UTP
Straight-Through Cable is used to connect:
Host to switch or hub
Router to switch or hub
Crossover Cable can be used to connect:
Switch to switch
Hub to hub
Host to host
Hub to switch
Router direct to host
Rolled cable is used to connect:
A host to a router console serial communication (com) port
Physical layer
Straight-Through & Crossover Cable Pinout
Physical layer
Rolled cable Pinout
Physical layer
Network with Straight-Through and Crossover Cables
Physical layer
Building Physical Ethernet Networks with Serial Cable
DCE (Data Communications Equipment): A device that supplies
the clocking services to another device. Typically, this device is at
the WAN access provider end of the link
DTE (Data terminal equipment): A device that receives clocking
services from another device and adjusts accordingly. Typically,
this device is at the WAN customer or user end of the link
Physical layer
Serial DCE and DTE WAN Connections

Setting Up WAN Connections in the Lab

The Cisco Three-Layer Hierarchical
Model
The core layer is responsible for transporting large amounts of traffic
both reliably and quickly
The distribution layer is sometimes referred to as the workgroup
layer and is the communication point between the access layer and
the core
The access layer controls user and workgroup access to
internetwork resources.
Campus Design Terminology
Data rate units Terminology
Unit Bit/Second Byte/Second
1 Kbps 1.000 125
1 Mbps 1.000.000 125,000,000
1 Gbps 1,000,000,000 125,000,000
1 Tbps 1,000,000,000,000 125,000,000,000

Bandwidth: the maximum amount of data that can pass

from one point to another in a unit of time
Throughput: the average rate of successful message
delivery over a communication channel
Campus Design Terminology
Campus LAN with Design Terminology Listed
THANK YOU