ER is a mechanical

process that maintain External Respiration

a continuous
exchange of gases IR is the biochemical
between the RESPIRATION (What..?) process in which
respiratory surfaces energy is made
of an organism and Internal Respiration/ available to all living
its environment Cellular Respiration cell

Aerobic anaerobic
Respiration Respiration
Occurs in

Yeast Human
muscles
WHY ALL ORGANISMS REQUIRE ENERGY ?

1. Excretion of waste products

2. Muscle contraction
3. Cell division
4. Transmission of nerve impulses
5. Absorption of digested food through active transport
6. Maintaining the body temperature
7. Synthesis of lipids, hormones, proteins and enzymes
 Cellular Respiration

Aerobic anaerobic
Respiration Respiration
1. AR is the process requires oxygen 1. An_R is a process that
from the air or water surrounding breaks down glucose when
there is very little or no
2. Oxygen delivered by blood
more oxygen
circulatory system to body cells
2. Occurs in the cytoplasm
3. In the cells, glucose molecules are
oxidised by oxygen to release energy,
water and carbon dioxide
4. Energy is used to synthesise ATP
from ADP and P
5. When phosphate bonds broken down,
so energy released
 Cellular Respiration

Aerobic anaerobic
Respiration Respiration

Occurs in
In human Muscle
In Yeast
6.1.Glucose
Occurs during
----> Lactic
vigorous
acid + 2ATP
physical activities
7. Lactic acid caused muscular cramps 1. Capable of both aerobic and
and
2. More
fatigue
oxygen delivered to anaerobic respiration depending on
muscle cells the availability of oxygen
8. More oxygen inhaled to recovered
3. The rate of breathing and 2. An_R called as fermentation and is
9. Oxygen is used to oxidise the lactic
heartbeat were increased catalysed by the enzyme zymase
acid to carbon dioxide and water. Energy
produced.
4.The oxygen used higher than 3. Glucose ----> Ethanol + Carbon
oxygen take in dioxide + energy
10.Lactic acid + Oxygen ----> Carbon
dioxide
5. An oxygen
+ energydebt incurred
Bread rises as co2 is liberated by
fermentation yeast, which converts
glucose to ethanol via the alcoholic
fermentation pathway
ACTIVITY 7.1 (Refers teks book pg 153)
Comparing and contrasting aerobic respiration with anaerobic respiration

Materials : Printed materials and the internet

Procedure :
1. Work in groups
2. Discuss the similarities in and differences between aerobic an
anaerobic respiration
3. Summarise the results of the groups discussion in the form of a
graphic organiser
Comparing and contrasting aerobic respiration
with anaerobic respiration

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Similarities

1. Cellular respiration
2. Involve the breakdown of glucose
3. Release energy that is stored in the ATP molecules
4. Are catalysed by enzymes
 Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Differences
Aerobic_R Anaerobic_R

Availability of
Oxygen is present Oxygen is absent
Oxygen

Oxidation of glucose Complete Incomplete

Lactic Acid and energy (in

Products of Co2, Water and
muscle cells) or ethanol,
respiration energy
Co2 and energy (yeast)
Number of ATP 38 molecules 2 molecules
molecules produced
 Differences

Aerobic_R Anaerobic_R

Amount of Large amount of Small amount of energy is

energy released energy is released released per mole of glucose
per mole per mole of (210 kJ-during fermentation)
of glucose glucose (2898 kJ) and 150 kJ (in muscle cells)

In all organisms (in muscle cells) C6H12O6--->

C6H12O6 + O2 Lactic acid + energy
Chemical
---> CO2 + H2O + (in yeast) C6H12O6--->
equation
energy Ethanol + CO2 + energy

Place where the

process takes Mitochondria Cytoplasm
place
 Figure : Oxygen deficit and oxygen debt

Oxygen uptake (liters per mininute)

Start of End of end of

exercise exercise recovery
Time (minutes)
 Figure : Oxygen deficit and oxygen debt

Oxygen update (liters per mininute) exercise recovery

Oxygen deficit

Oxygen debt

Start of End of end of

exercise exercise recovery
Time (minutes)
 EXPERIMENT :
Investigating anaerobic respiration/ fermentatation in yeast

1. Aim :
Investigating anaerobic respiration/ fermentatation in yeast
2. Problem statement :
What are the products of fermentation ?
3. Hypothesis
In the absence of oxygen, yeast undergoes anaerobic
respiration to produce carbon dioxide, ethanol and
energy
4. Variables :
Manipulated Variable :
Presence of yeast
Responding Variable:
Changes in limewater and temperature of
the glucose solution
Fixed Variable:
Anaerobic condition
5. Apparatus :
Boiling tubes
Test tubes
Stoppers with delivery tiub
Measuring cylinders
Beaker
6. Materials :
Yeast suspension 5%
Glucose solution 5%
Paraffin oil
Limewater
7. Technique :
Observing changes in temperature and limewater
8. Procedure :
1. Heat the glucose solution in a beaker. Let the solution cool.
2. Fill boiling tube A with 5 ml of yeast suspension. Then, add 15 ml of boiled
glucose solution to it.
3. Fill boiling tube B with 15 ml of boiled glucose solution only.
4. Add a thin layer of paraffin oil to both boiling tubes.
5. Connect the stoppers with delivery tubes to their respective boiling tubes.
6. Fill two test tubes with 2 ml of limewater. Then, place each end of the
delivery tubes into the respective test tubes.
7. Record the initial temperatures of the contents of boiling tubes A and B.
8. Leave the set-up for one hour.
9. After one hour, record the final temperatures and observe the change in
limewater.
10. Remove the stoppers and smell the gas that comes out from the boiling
tubes

11. Record the results in the following table.

Precaution:

Make sure that the ends of the delivery tubes are immersed in limewater.
 9. Results

Set A Set B
At the At the end At the At the end
Boiling tube beginning of of the exp beginning of of the exp
the exp the exp
Temperature 30 31 30 30
(oC)

Limewater Clear Cloudy Clear Clear

Smell Smell of Smell of Smell of Smell of

ethanol is ethanol is ethanol is ethanol is
not detected not detected not detected
detected
10. Conclusion

In the absent of oxygen, yeast

undergoes anaerobic respiration to
produce carbon dioxide, ethanol and
energy.
The hypothesis is accepted
 TEST YOUR SELF

State true or false in boxes provided

1. Energy is needed for cell division.

2. The substrate for respiration is lipid.

3. Respiration only occurs in the mitochondria of cells.

4. In aerobic respiration, some of the energy is stored in the

ethanol.

5. The energy released during respiration is stored in the form of

adenosine triphosphat
 TEST YOUR SELF

6. In anaerobic respiration of human muscles, lactic acid

and energy is produced.

7. The amount of lactic acid in muscles increases when

the muscles are lacking oxygen.

8. In anaerobic respiration, glucose is completely broken

down.

9. Anaerobic respiration in human muscles only occurs

when vigorous activity is carried out.

10. Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells produced ethanol,

carbon dioxide and energy.
 ANSWER
TEST YOUR SELF
State true or false in boxes provided

1. Energy is needed for cell division. TRUE

2. The substrate for respiration is lipid. FALSE

3. Respiration only occurs in the mitochondria of cells. FALSE

4. In aerobic respiration, some of the energy is stored in the

ethanol. FALSE

5. The energy released during respiration is stored in the form of

adenosine triphosphate. TRUE
 TEST YOUR SELF

6. In anaerobic respiration of human muscles, lactic acid

and energy is produced. TRUE

7. The amount of lactic acid in muscles increases when

the muscles are lacking oxygen. TRUE

8. In anaerobic respiration, glucose is completely broken

down. FALSE

9. Anaerobic respiration in human muscles only occurs

when vigorous activity is carried out. TRUE

10. Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells produced ethanol,

carbon dioxide and energy. TRUE
Quick Review

Q1: What do you understand by

(a) aerobic respiration
(b) anaerobic respiration

Answer ?
 Aerobic respiration is the
breakdown of food substances
in the presence of oxygen with
the release of large amount of
energy
Anaerobic respiration is the
breakdown of food substances
in the absence of oxygen with
the release of a small amount
of energy
Q2 : Using a graphic organiser,
outline the similarities and
differences between anaerobic
respiration in yeast and in
human muscles.

Answer :
7.2 The Respiratory Structures and
Breathing
Mechanisms in Human and
animals
State the respiratory structures in
humans and some animals
Make an inference on the various
adaptations of the respiratory
structures
 Describe the characteristics of
respiratory surfaces in humans and
other organisms

Describe the breathing mechanisms

in humans and other organisms

Compare and contrast the human

respiratory system with that of other
organisms
 RESPIRATION

Internal Respiration/
Cellular Respiration External Respiration

Respiratory Structures
Gaseous exchange and Breathing
& Surfaces
transport of gases in control
humans mechanisms

Protozoa, insects,
amphibians, fish,
humans
Respiratory adaptations
and breathing
mechanisms
Gaseous exchange is the uptake of

oxygen from the environment and the

discharge of carbon dioxide to the

environment. This process takes place in

the respiratory structures.

Adaptations of respiratory
structures
The respiratory structures of different
organisms have various structural
adaptations to maximise the rate of
gaseous exchange.
Movement of the respiratory gases
between the respiratory surface and the
external environment is entirely by
diffusion.
(a) Cellular respiration depletes
oxygen and increases carbon dioxide
levels in the cells.

(b) This creates concentration gradients

that result in the diffusion of oxygen into
the cells and the diffusion of carbon
dioxide out of the cells.
To ensure adequate gaseous exchange,
the respiratory structures of most
organisms share three common
characteristics:

The respiratory surface is moist.

Cells lining the respiratory surface are
thin.
The respiratory structure has a large
surface area.
 Respiratory Structures and
breathing mechanism in
1. Protozoa
The Protozoa is a unicellular microorganism
It is very small in size, the total surface area-
volume ratio is large
Gaseous exchange by simple diffusion occurs
rapidly across the thin plasma membrane
Oxygen diffuses into the cell and carbon dioxide
diffuses out of the cell through the plasma
membrane down the concentration gradient
No special respiratory structure is required
 2.Fish Have specialised
respiratory structures
called gills for
Gill arch breathings
Has four pairs of gills
Blood vessels which are covered by
the operculum
Gill filaments Each gills consists of
a small rod of bone
called gill arch
Each gill has two
Oxygen-poor blood
rows of thin filaments,
arranged in a V-
shape
Oxygen-rich blood
The filaments
consists of numerous
thin-walled lamellae

THE STRUCTURE OF FISH GILLS

Has four pairs of gills which
are covered by the operculum

mohdnor65@yahoo.com.my
The gill filaments are adapted for gaseous
exchange are as follows :
(a) Many plate like projections (lamella) at
the gill filaments to increase the surface
area-volume ratio for absorption of
dissolved oxygen in the water
(b) Thin epithelial walls of the gill filaments
allow oxygen to diffuse easily into the
blood capillaries of the gill filaments
(c) A network of blood capillaries in the gill
filaments to increase the rate of gaseous
exchange by diffusion
 The efficiency of gaseous exchange is further
enhanced by the countercurrent exchange
mechanism at the respiratory surface.
The countercurrent flow maximises oxygen transfer
because as water flows over the gills in one
direction, the blood flows in the opposite direction
through blood capillaries in the lamellae
This means as deoxygenated
blood enters the blood
capillaries, it encounters
water with a higher oxygen
content
Thus, along the blood
capillaries, the concentration
gradients allows the transfer
oxygen into the blood
 The breathing mechanism of fish
Inhalation
Buccal
cavity The floor of the buccal cavity
is lowered.
At the same time, the
opercular cavity is enlarged and
the operculum closes.
Operculum This lowers the pressure in
the buccal cavity.
Water with dissolved oxygen
is drawn into the mouth.
 The breathing mechanism of fish
Exhalation Buccal
cavity

When the mouth closes, the floor Opercular

cavity
of the buccal cavity is raised.
Water flows through the lamellae and
gaseous exchange between the blood
capillaries and water occurs.
At the same time, the opercular
cavity becomes smaller.
The pressure in the buccal cavity is Operculum
higher than the pressure outside.
The higher water pressure forces
the operculum to open and water
to flow out through the operculum.
The Respiratory Structure and
breathing mechanism of Insects
1 The respiratory system of insects is known as the tracheal
system
2 The tracheal system is composed of a network of air tubes
called tracheae (singular, trachea).
3 Air enters the tracheae through tiny openings called
spiracles, located along the sides of the thorax and abdomen
of an insects body.
4 Spiracles have valves which can be opened and
closed, allowing air to go in and out of the insects
body.
5 The tracheae are reinforced with rings of chitin
which prevent the tracheae from collapsing.
6 The tracheae branch into finer tubes called tracheoles
7 Certain insects like the grasshopper have air sacs in
their tracheal system
8 These sacs contain air that speeds up the movement of
gases to and from the tissues during vigorous body
movements.
The structural adaptation of tracheoles
for gaseous exchange
1 Tracheoles branch intricately throughout the insects body
and penetrate into the body tissues.

2 This means tracheoles are close to each body cell and can
channel oxygen directly to the cells in the different parts of
the body.
3 The large number of tracheoles provides a large surface
area for the diffusion of gases.
4 The tips of the tracheoles have thin permeable walls, and
contain fluid in which respiratory gases can be dissolved.

5 Air enters the tracheae through the spiracles and travels

through the tracheoles to the fluid-filled tips.

6 Oxygen in the fluid diffuses directly from the tracheoles

into the cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into
the tracheoles.
The Breathing Mechanism of Insects

Insects inhale and exhale through

the rhythmic contraction and
expansion of their abdominal
muscles.

An insects body movements and the

contractions of abdominal muscles
speed up the rate of diffusion of
gases from the tracheae into body
cells.
When the insect inhales, the
abdominal muscles relax and the
spiracles are open.

Air pressure inside the tracheae is

lowered and as a result air is drawn
in.

When the insect exhales, the

abdominal muscles contract.
 When the insect exhales, the
abdominal muscles contract.

The increased air pressure forces

air out through the spiracles.

Because the tracheal tubes of

insects carry oxygen from the air
directly to body cells, the
circulatory system is not involved
in transporting oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
 The respiratory structure and breathing
mechanism of amphibians

Gaseous exchange occurs mainly through

the skin and in the lungs of frogs
The structural adaptation of
the skin for gaseous exchange

1 During times of inactivity,

gaseous exchange occurs
through the skin.

2 The skin is thin, permeable and

constantly moist. These
characteristics enable rapid and
efficient exchange of gases
between the skin and the air.
3 The skin is kept moist by the
secretion of mucus by glands
found on the surface of the body.

4 Beneath the skin is a network

of blood capillaries that
transports respiratory gases to
and from all the body cells.
 The structural adaptation of the
lungs for gaseous exchange

1 A frogs lungs consist of a pair of thin-

walled sacs connected to the mouth
through an opening, called glottis

2 The surface area for gaseous exchange

in the lungs is increased by numerous
inner partitions.
3 The membranes of the lungs are
thin and moist to facilitate the
efficient diffusion of respiratory
gases in and out rapidly.

4 The lungs are supplied with a

rich network of blood capillaries to
transport respiratory gases to
body cells.
The breathing mechanism of frogs

mohdnor65@yahoo.com.my