Bug of the Day, Rhizobium ssp.

Infects roots of legumes

(peas, beans, soybeans,
etc), clover etc.
Roots provide anaerobic
chambers for growth
Rhizobium fixes nitrogen
(N2) into ammonia which
is converted to organic
nitrogen
Nutritional Requirements for
Microorganisms
 Metabolic Diversity
Microorganisms can have complex or very
simple nutritional requirements.
All needs sources of C, N, P, O, H, S in
addition to trace elements.
Some organisms can synthesize virtually
all their metabolic compounds from a
single carbon source, such as glucose,
others may need more complex
compounds
 Primary Nutrients
Carbon-CO2 and Organic Compounds
Nitrogen- NH3, NO3-, N2, Organic sources
Phosphorous- PO43-, Organic
Phosphorus
Sulfur, H2S, SO43-, metal sulfides,
organic sources
 Macronutrients
Mg-required for all microorganisms
Ca- required for many microorganisms
Na-required for many microorganisms
Iron-All aerobic organisms (Cytochromes,
other electron carriers)
 Micronutrients-Trace Elements
Generally cofactors of enzymes or carrier
proteins
Generally contamination from water or
media contains these compounds.
Some must be added, i.e.. Molybdenum
necessary for most nitrogen fixing bacteria
 Growth Factors
Complex organic compounds
Vitamins
Amino acids
DNA bases
 Complex vs. Minimal media
Complex or Undefined
Poorly defined chemically
Often produced from extracts of microbes (yeast
extract), plants (corn meal), or animals (beef extract,
tryptone)
Organisms obtain maximum growth
Minimal or Chemically defined
Chemically defined
Useful to determine requirements of microorganism
Ie. Glucose medium, Citrate Phosphate medium/
 Typical Complex medium-LB
(Luria Broth)
Per liter water
10g Tryptone (milk digest, contains [high]
of the amino acid Tryptophan.
5 g Yeast extract provides Vitamins
5g NaCl- provide osmotic stability
pH 7.2
 Different Organisms, Different
requirements
Escherichia coli- hardy, Buffered
Phosphates, ammonium sulfate,
Magnesium sulfate, Calcium chloride,
Glucose, trace elements, water.
Leuconostoc mesenteroides- fastidious-
Above medium + all 20 amino acids,
bases, 9 vitamins.
 Enzymology
Review this section if you have never seen
this material
Basically be able to conceptualize the role
and functions of enzymes
Terms to know-G, substrate, product,
catalysts, composition of enzymes, active
sites
 Review
Role of NAD-
How is energy captured from organic
compounds
Review redox reactions
Role of ATP
Role of Coenzyme A
Energy storage
 Catabolic vs. Anabolic Cellular
Activity
Catabolic- making cellular energy
Anabolic-making cellular structures

Substrate level phosphorylation-direct

Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation-use of PMF to
make ATP
 Fermentation-
Respiration- Aerobic and Anaerobic

Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof)-
Priming
Reduction
ATP production
Intermediates for amino acids, etc.
 Fermentation
Reoxidize NADH to NAD
Final electrons dumped onto organic
compound
Ethanol, Lactic Acid, Acetic Acid, butanol

Many of these products have industrial

uses
 Krebs
Takes place in the cytoplasm
Produces substrate level ATP (GTP)
Several intermediates for cell (like amino
acids)
 Electron Transport
Electrons provided to system by NADH, FADH2
Enzymes located in the cytoplasmic membrane.
Electrons carried by quiones, Cytochromes to
different complexes
Contains cytochromes-iron containing proteins
that shuttle electrons
Complexes pump protons across membrane, pH
gradient
 Final Electron acceptor
Oxygen-Aerobic respiration
Sulfur, nitrate, sulfate, some organic
compounds anaerobic respiration
All lead to the generation of a proton
gradient
 Proton Motive Force
Protons re-enter cytoplasm through ATP
Synthase complex where Phosphorylation
of ADP to ATP takes place.