AGREGAT
Billions of
1996 Dollars
$10,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billions of
1996 Dollars
$1,800
1,600
1,000
800
600
400
200
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Percent of
Labor Force
12
10
8 Unemployment rate
0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Price
Level
Aggregate
supply
Equilibrium
price level
Aggregate
demand
0 Equilibrium Quantity of
output Output
Price
Level
P2
1. A decrease
Aggregate
in the price
demand
level . . .
0 Y Y2 Quantity of
Output
2. . . . increases the quantity of
goods and services demanded.
P1
D2
Aggregate
demand, D1
0 Y1 Y2 Quantity of
Output
KURVA PENAWARAN AGREGAT
Dalam jangka panjang, kurva penawaran agregat
vertikal.
Dalam jangka pendek, kurva penawaran agregat
miring ke atas.
KURVA PENAWARAN AGREGAT
Kurva Penawaran Agregat Jangka Panjang
Dalam jangka panjang, produksi barang dan jasa
suatu perekonomian tergantung pada pasokan
atas tenaga kerja, modal, dan sumber daya alam
dan teknologi yang tersedia yang digunakan untuk
mengubah faktor-faktor produksi menjadi barang
dan jasa.
Tingkat harga tidak mempengaruhi variabel-
variabel ini dalam jangka panjang.
Figure 4 Kurva Penawaran Agregat Jangka Panjang
Price
Level
Long-run
aggregate
supply
P2
2. . . . does not affect
1. A change the quantity of goods
in the price and services supplied
level . . . in the long run.
AD1980
Price
Level
Short-run
aggregate
supply
P2
1. A decrease 2. . . . reduces the quantity
in the price of goods and services
level . . . supplied in the short run.
0 Y2 Y Quantity of
Output
Price
Level
Long-run
aggregate
Short-run
supply
aggregate
supply
Equilibrium A
price
Aggregate
demand
0 Natural rate Quantity of
of output Output
3. . . . but over
time, the short-run
P A aggregate-supply
curve shifts . . .
P2 B
1. A decrease in
aggregate demand . . .
P3 C
Aggregate
demand, AD
AD2
0 Y2 Y Quantity of
4. . . . and output returns Output
to its natural rate.
Copyright 2004 South-Western
DUA PENYEBAB FLUKTUASI EKONOMI
Pergeseran pada Permintaan Agregat
Dalam jangka pendek, pergeseran permintaan
agregat menyebabkan fluktuasi dalam output
barang dan jasa suatu perekonomian.
Dalam jangka panjang, pergeseran permintaan
agregat mempengaruhi tingkat harga keseluruhan
tetapi tidak mempengaruhi output.
DUA PENYEBAB FLUKTUASI EKONOMI
Long-run Short-run
aggregate AS2 aggregate
supply supply, AS
B
P2
A
P
3. . . . and
the price
level to rise.
Aggregate demand
0 Y2 Y Quantity of
2. . . . causes output to fall . . . Output
P3 C 2. . . . policymakers can
P2 accommodate the shift
A by expanding aggregate
3. . . . which P demand . . .
causes the
price level
to rise 4. . . . but keeps output AD2
further . . . at its natural rate.
Aggregate demand, AD