-RH -RH
E = Ef Ei = 2
2
nf ni
1 1
= RH ( 2 2 ) = h = hc/
ni nf
Emission
Absorption
Inadequacies of the Bohr Model
Wave-Particle Duality.
Einstein suggested particle-like properties of
light could explain the photoelectric effect.
But diffraction patterns suggest photons are
wave-like.
de Broglie, 1924
Small particles of matter may at times display
wavelike properties.
E = mc2
= c/
E = mc2
h = mc2
h/c = mc = p
p = h/
= h/p = h/m
X-Ray Diffraction
Werner Heisenberg
h
x px
4
It is only when wavelengths are comparable
to atomic or nuclear dimensions that wave-
particle duality is important. The concept
has little meaning when applied to large
(macroscopic) objects, such as baseballs
and automobiles because their wavelengths
are too small to measure.
2 2 2 8 2m
( E V ) 0
2 2 2 2
x y z h
xyz axes
Wave function
Solution of Schrdinger
equation gives:
(1) allowed energy values
(2) wave function
Solution: No.
The l quantum number cannot be greater than
n-1. Thus, if n =2, l can be only 0 or 1. And if l
can be only 0 or 1, ml cannot be 2; ml must be 0
if l= 0 and may be -1, 0 or +1 if l = 1.
n : As n increases the electron density is further away
from the nucleus . As n increases the electron has a higher
energy and is less tightly bound to the nucleus
Z = Z - ( screening constant )
(Z )2
Ei 2.18 1018 J
n2
Thus, the energy level of a principal shell is split
into separate levels for its subshells. There is no
further splitting of energies within a subshell.
1s 2s
completely filledp6 d10 f14
Half-filledp3 d5 f7
emptyp0 d0 f0
Filling the d Orbitals
Zr
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d2
( filling s orbital firstly, penetrate)
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d25s2
( d orbital screens)
Zr [Kr] 4d25s2
26Fe 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 atomic kernel
[Ar] 3d6 4s2
Fe2+
26 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s0
Not all electrons present in an atom participate in
chemical bond formation
Transition Metals
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
f block (n-2)f 1~14
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
Periodic Law
Electronegativity