Protection Application Network earthing

Handbook
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15-Sep-17
 Network earthing
Earthing

Protective earthing

System earthing
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 Network earthing
Earthing

The earthing is
effective for all
galvanic ally
connected system
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 Network earthing
Why use system earthing

Fix network to earth potential

Reduction of fault current at earth fault
Reduce over voltage
For transient earth faults
Increase in neutral point over voltage
Coupling and lightning over voltage
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 Network earthing
Reduction of fault current with neutral point
impedance
ABB Group - 5 -
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 Network earthing
Influence of earthing on overvoltage due to
transient fault
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 Network earthing
Avoiding Ferro resonance

VTs in a unearthed network can cause Ferro resonance.

This can be prevented by connecting resistor as shown
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 Network earthing
High resistive earthing

3Ro<Xco

At transient earth faults Voltage

stays within reasonable limits
ABB Group - 8 -
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 Network earthing
Resonance earthing ( coil earthing)

Inductance calibrated to capacitance of

network
Needs to be adjusted periodically
Earth fault currents are small and arc at fault
point can be extinguished easily
Not good for cable circuits (generates
harmonics)
ABB Group - 9 -
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 Network earthing
Different types of system earthing

Isolated neutral point

Coil earthed system
Earthed system
Effectively earthed
Non-effectively earthed
ABB Group - 10 -
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 Network earthing
Effectively earthed system

System is considered effectively earthed

when following is valid in all points of the
system
Xo < 3X1
Ro <X1
This leads to maximum 80% of nominal
voltage between ph-earth and therefore
lower insulation requirements can be
accepted and surge arresters with lower
ABB Group - 11 -

voltages can be used

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 Network earthing
How to obtain neutral point

The Y winding of following can be used for

direct earthing
Y-O/ D Transformers
Y-O/Y-O transformer with delta equalizing winding
Y-O/Y transformer
Zero sequence impedance of such transformers is
very high .Theoretically no earth fault current can
flow , however due to leakage fields some current
will flow.
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 Network earthing
How to obtain neutral point

Z-O connected earthing transformer

ABB Group - 13 -
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 Network earthing
Earth fault current distribution

Resistance earthed Zig zag transformer earthed

ABB Group - 14 -
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 Network earthing
Current distribution in transmission
network
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 Network earthing
Practices of earthing

Germany , Sweden , Netherlands

Limit earth fault current to low value
Protect telephone network and people

USA , Canada , UK, India

Accept high earthfault current
Prevent overvoltage in power system
Simplify fault clearance
ABB Group - 16 -
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 Network earthing
Practices of earthing
Voltages over 100kV
Direct earthing all over world
Transformers and insulators can be of lower test
voltage
Voltages between 25-100kV and 1-25kV
Directly earthed in India
High resistance grounding for Generators
Practices vary in other parts
Voltages < 1 kV
ABB Group - 17 -

Normally direct earthed

Industries with motors unearthed
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Comparison of earthing methods
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 Network earthing
Step and touch voltages in direct earthed
networks
ABB Group - 19 -

Limiting the fault current helps reducing

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step and touch voltage

 ABB Group - 20 -
15-Sep-17
Network earthing