MECH4450 Introduction to Finite

Element Methods

FEA of Axially Loaded Bar

 FEM Formulation of Axially
Loaded Bar Governing Equations
Differential Equation
d du
EA( x) f ( x) 0 0 x L
dx dx

Weighted-Integral Formulation
L d du
0
w EA( x) f ( x) dx 0
dx dx

Weak Form
L
dw du du
L
0 EA( x) wf ( x) dx w EA( x)
0
dx dx dx 0
Finite Element Method Piecewise
Approximation
u
u

x
x +1

+1
+1

=0

 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example:
Find the displacement field

Step 1: Discretization

1 2 3
1 2 3 4

Step 2: Weak form of one element P2

P1
x1 x2
x2
dw
x2
du du
x dx EA( x )
dx
w( x ) f ( x )

dx w( x )

EA( x ) 0
dx x1
1

dw
x2
du
x dx
EA( x ) w( x ) f ( x ) dx wx2 P2 wx1 P1 0
1
dx
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 3: Choosing shape functions

- linear shape functions u 1u1 2u2

x x
x1 x2 x1 x0 x1
l
x2 x x x1 1x 1 x
1 ; 2 1 ; 2
l l 2 2

x x x1 1; x
2 x 1l x
1
l 2
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 4: Forming element equation

dw
x2
du
x dx
EA( x ) w( x ) f ( x ) dx wx2 P2 wx1 P1 0
1
dx
E,A are constant
u2 u1
x2 x2
1
x
2
EA EA
Let w ,1 x l
EA dx 1 f dx 1 x2 P2 1 x1 P1 0 u1 u2 1 f dx P1
1
l x1
l l x1
2 x
EA EA
u2 u1 u2 2 f dx P2
x2 x2
Let w ,2 1 u1
x l EA dx 2 f dx 2 x2 P2 2 x1 P1 0 l l
1
l x1
x1

x2
1 fdx
EA 1 1 u1 x1 P1 f1 P1

l 1 1 u2 x2 P2 f 2 P2
2 fdx
x1
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 5: Assembling to form system equation

Approach 1:
1 1 0 0 u1I f1I P1I

E I AI 1 1 0 0 u2I f 2I P2I
Element 1:
lI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Element 2:
E II AII 0 1 1 0 u1II f1II P1II

l II 0 1 1 0 u2II f 2II P2II

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Element 3:
E III AIII 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

l III 0 0 1 1 u1III f1III P1III

0 0 1 1 u2III f 2III P2III
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 5: Assembling to form system equation

Assembled System:

E I AI E I AI
lI I 0 0
l

E A u1 f1 P1 f1I P1I
I I
E I AI E II AII E II AII
II 0 u2 f 2 P2 f 2I f1II P2I P1II
lI lI l l II
II III
II III
0 E II AII E II AII E III AIII E III AIII u3 f 3 P3 f 2 f1 P2 P1
II III
l II l III u4 f 4 P4 f III P III

l l
III III
2 2

0 E III AIII E A
0 III
l l III
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 5: Assembling to form system equation

Element 1 Element 2 Element 3
Approach 2: Element connectivity table
1 2 3
kije K IJ local node
(i,j) 2 3 4

global node index

(I,J)
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 6: Imposing boundary conditions and forming condense system

E I AI E I AI
I
I 0 0
l l
E I AI E A E II AII
I I
E II AII 0 F1 f1 P1
l I lI
II
l
II
l
0 u2 F2 f 2 0

E II AII E II AII E III A III E III A III u3 F3 f 3 0
0 II III
l l II l III l u4 F4 f 4 P

E III AIII E III AIII
0 0 III
l l III
Condensed system: E I AI E II AII E II AII
I II II 0
l l l u2 f 2 0
II II
E A II II
E A E III AIII E A
III III

l II l II

l III
III u3 f 3 0
l
u4 f 4 P
E III AIII E A
III III

0 III
l l III
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
What if u1 a

Step 6: Imposing boundary conditions and forming condense system

K11 K12 K13 K14 a F1 K12 K13 K14 F1 K11

K
K 24 2 F2 K 21
K u
21 K 22 K 23 K 24 u2 F2 22 K 23
u a
K31 K32 K33 K34 u3 F3 K32 K33 K34 3 F3 K31

K 44 4 F4
u
K 41 K 42 K 43 K 44 u4 F4 K 42 K 43 K 41

Condensed system:
K 22 K 23 K 24 u2 F2 K 21
K
32 K33 K34 u3 F3 a K31
K 42 K 43 K 44 u4 F4 K 41
 Approximation Methods Finite
Element Method
Example (cont):

Step 7: solution

Step 8: post calculation

du d d d1 d
u u11 u22 u1 1 u2 2 E Eu1 Eu2 2
dx dx dx dx dx
 Summary - Major Steps in FEM
Discretization
Derivation of element equation
weak form
construct form of approximation solution
over one element
derive finite element model
Assembling putting elements together
Imposing boundary conditions
Solving equations
Postcomputation
 Exercises Linear Element

Example 1: Find the displacement, stress

and strain field

E = 100 GPa, A = 1 cm2

1 2 3 x2
1 2 3 4 1 fdx
EA 1 1 u 1x P1 f1 P1
1

l 1 1 u2 x2
Element equation for linear bar element:
P2 f 2 P2
2 fdx
Global system: x1
E I AI E I AI
I
I 0 0
l l
E I AI E I AI E II AII E II AII u1 F1 f1I P1I
l I lI
II
l

l II
0 u2 F2 f I f II P I P II

III III II
2 1
III
2II 1III
E II AII E II AII E III AIII E A u3 F3 f f P P
0 II III 2 III 1 2 III 1
l l II l III l u4 F4 f 2 P2

E III AIII E III AIII
0 0 III
l l III
 Exercises Linear Element

Example 1:
E = 100 GPa, A = 1 cm2

Force vector:

f1 f1I 1 P1 P1I
f I II
2 f 2 f1 2 P2 0
II III

f
3 2 f f1 2 P3 0
f 4 f 2III 1 P4 10

Global system: Imposing boundary conditions:

1 1 0 0 u1 1 P1I 1 1 0 0 0 1 P1I


7 1 2 1 0 u2 2 0
7 1 2 1 0
u2 2 0
10 10
0 1 2 1 u3 2 0 0 1 2 1 u3 2 0

0 0 1 1 u4 1 10 0 0 1 1 u4 1 10
 Exercises Linear Element

Example 1:
E = 100 GPa, A = 1 cm2

Condensed system:
2 1 0 u2 2 u2 15

107 1 2 1 u3 2 7
u3 28 10 m
0 1 1 u4 11 u 39
4

u2 107 P1I 1 P1I 16N

Displacement field:

x0
x 0,1 u u11 u22 u22 15 107 15 x 107 m
1
2 x x 1
x 1, 2 u u21 u32 15 28 107 13x 2 107 m
1 1
3 x x2
x 2,3 u u31 u42 28 39 107 11x 6 107 m
1 1
 Linear Formulation for Bar Element
u1 f(x) u2
u
P1 P2
x x=x1 L = x2-x1 x= x2

P1 f1 K11 K12 u1

P2 f 2 K12 K 22 u2

di d j
x2 x2

where K ij EA dx K ji , f i i f dx
x1 dx dx x1

1 1 2 1

x=x1 x=x2
x
Higher Order Formulation for Bar Element
u1 u2 u3
u
x 1 2 3

u(x) u11 (x) u2 2 (x) u3 3 (x)

u1 u2 u3 u4
u
x 1 2 3 4

u(x) u11 ( x ) u2 2 ( x ) u3 3 ( x ) u44 ( x )

u1 u2 u3 u4 un
u
x 1 2 3 4 n

u(x) u11 ( x ) u22 ( x ) u33 ( x ) u44 ( x ) unn ( x )

Natural Coordinates and Interpolation Functions
x=-1 x x=1

x x=x1 x= x2
x 0 x l
x x x1
x1 x2
x
Natural (or Normal) Coordinate: x
2
l/2
x=-1 x x=1
x 1 x 1
1 , 2
1 2 2 2
x=-1 x x=1
x x 1 x 1x
1 , 2 x 1x 1, 3
2 2
1 2 3
9 1 1
x=-1 x x=1 1 x x x 1, 2
27
x 1 x 1 x 1
16 3 3 16 3

1 2 3 4 3
27
x 1 x 1 x 1, 4 9 x 1 x 1 x 1
16 3 16 3 3
Quadratic Formulation for Bar Element
P1 f 1 K 11 K 12 K 13 u1

P2 f 2 K 12 K 22 K 23 u2
P f K K 33
3 3 13 K 23 3
u
3 1
2
where = dx = d
1 1
x2 1
l
and f i i f dx i f d x , i, j 1, 2, 3
x1 1
2

1 3
2

x=-1 x=0 x=1

 Quadratic Formulation for Bar Element
u1 f(x) u2 u3
P2
P1 P3
x1 x2 x3
x=-1 x=0 x=1

x x 1 x 1x
u( x ) u11 ( x ) u2 2 ( x ) u3 3 ( x ) u1 u2 x 1x 1 u3
2 2
x x 1 x 1x
1 , 2 x 1x 1, 3
2 2
1 2 1 2 3 2 + 1
= = 2 =
2 2

1
1
2 1 2 1 2 7 2 1 2 8
11 = d = 12 = 2 d =
1 2 2 3 1 2 3

1 1
2 1 2 + 1 2 2 16
13 = d = 22 = 2 2 d =
1 2 2 3 1 3

1
1
2 + 1 2 8 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 7
23 = 2 d = 33 = d =
2 3 1 2 2 3
1
 Exercises Quadratic Element

Example 2: Find the displacement, stress

and strain field

E = 100 GPa, A1 = 1 cm2; A1 = 2 cm2

2
1 Element equations:

Element 1 Element 2
7 8 1 u1 P1 7 8 1 u1 P1
1 1 2 2

EA1
8 16 8 u21 P21
EA2
8 16 8 u22 P22
3L 3L
1 8 7 u31 P31 2 2
1 8 7 u3 P3

Global system 7 EA 8EA1 EA1 0 0

1
3L
3 L 3L
0 1 1
8EA1 8EA1 u P
16 EA1

0
3L u P
3L 3L 8EA2 EA3 2 2
EA1
7 EA1 7 EA2
3L u3 P3
8EA1
3L 3L 3L 3L

3L 8EA2 u4 P4
8EA2 16 EA2

0 0 3L 3L u5 P5
3L
8EA2 7 EA2
EA3
0 0
3L 3L 3L
 Exercises Quadratic Element

Example 2:
Imposing boundary conditions
7 EA 8EA1 EA1 0 0
1
3L
3L 3L
0 P1
8EA1 8EA1 0
16 EA1

0
3L u 0
3L 3L 8EA2 EA3 2
EA1
7 EA1 7 EA2
3L u3 5
8EA1
3L 3L 3L 3L

3L 8EA2 u4 0
8EA2 16 EA2

0 0 3L 3L u5 10
3L
8EA2 7 EA2
EA3
0 0
3L 3L 3L

Solutions: u2 0.0008
u 0.0015
3
m
u
4 0.0023
u5 0.0030
 Non-standard Cases

Non-uniform cross section:

Interior load point:

Mixed boundary condition:

k