1. What is modulation?

Concept of Modulation
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 SP
AMP

SP
AMP

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Mod AMP Dem AMP
 1. What is modulation?

Modulation is the process of putting information

onto a high frequency carrier for transmission
(frequency translation).
 Once this information is received, the low frequency
information must be removed from the high frequency
carrier. This process is known as Demodulation.
2. What are the reasons for
modulation?
 2. What are the reasons for
modulation?

1. Frequency division multiplexing (To support multiple

transmissions via a single channel)

To avoid interference
 M1(f)

M(f) Multiplexed
f
signal
0

+
M2(f)

0 f1 f2
f

f
0
2. Practicality of Antennas

Transmitting very low frequencies require antennas with

miles in wavelength
3.What are the Different of
Modulation Methods?
 Modulation Scheme
AM:Amplitude Modulation
Analogue

Sinuousidal
FM:Frequency Modulation
Modulation
PM:Phase Modulation
Wave
ASK:Amplitude Shift Keying
Digital
FSK:Frequency Shift Keying
Modulation
PSK:Phase Shift Keying
Discrete

PAM:Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Pulse

Pulse PFM:Pulse Frequency Modulation

Modulation PPM:Pulse Position Modulation
PWM:Pulse Width Modulation
 Modulation Scheme(2)
AM: AM Radio, Air Band Radio,
Analogue

Sinuousidal
FM: FM Radio, Cordless Phone, TV(Voice)
Modulation
PM:
Wave
ASK: Optical Fiber Communication, JJY
Digital
FSK: Fax Radio, Modem(V.21, V.23)
Modulation
PSK: Digital Radio Communication
Discrete

PAM: Motor Control,

Pulse

Pulse PFM: LD
Modulation PPM: Optical Wireless, DVD
PWM: Motor Control
 Analogue Modulation
Sinusoidal Carrier

c (t )

A Amplitude
c(t ) A cos(ct )
c Angular Frequency
[rad/sec]
 Angular Frequency
Circle

1 sec
0
360[deg]
2[rad]
1Hz

2[rad/sec]
Circle

1 sec
0
720[deg] 2Hz
4[rad]
4[rad/sec]
 AMAmplitude Modulation)
Baseband
Signal
(voice etc)

carrier

AM signal
 AMAmplitude Modulation)
Baseband
signal
g (t )

carrier
c (t )

AM signal

s (t )
 AM signal
s (t ) [1 mg (t )]c(t )
A[1 mg (t )] cos(ct )
A Amplitude

c Angular
[rad/sec]
Frequency

g (t ) Baseband Signal
m Modulation Index
 AMAmplitude Modulation)

AM signal
m=1

AM signal
m<1

AM signal
m >1
 AM signal(Tone Modulation)
s (t ) A[1 g (t )] cos(ct )
Assumption
Baseband Signal g (t ) cos( 0t )
 AM signal(Tone Modulation)
s(t ) A[1 mg (t )] cos(ct )
g (t ) cos( 0t )
Assumption
Baseband Signal

s(t ) A[1 mg (t )] cos(ct )

A cos(ct ) Am cos( t ) cos(ct )
mA mA
A cos(ct ) cos(c )t cos(c )t
2 2
 Frequency Spectrum
mA mA
s (t ) A cos(ct ) cos(c )t cos(c )t
2 2

Carrier Signal
A cos(ct )

Baseband LSB(Lower Side Band) USB(Upper Side Ban

(t ) cos( 0t )
gSignal mA mA
cos(c )t cos(c )t
2 2
0 0 0
Frequency
0 0 c c c
 Frequency Spectrum

Carrier Signal
A cos(ct )

Baseband LSB(Lower Side Band) USB(Upper Side Band)

g (t )
Signal

Frequency
0 0 c c c
 Frequency Spectrum
AM Radio

Carrier Signal
A cos(ct )

Baseband LSB(Lower Side Band) USB(Upper Side Band)

g (t )
Signal
Frequency
0 fc [Hz
7.5kHz fc-7.5kHz fc+7.5kHz
(Carrier Frequency)
15kHz
 Frequency Spectrum
DSB(Double Side Band)

No Carrier Signal
(Suppressed Carrier)
Baseband LSB(Lower Side Band) USB(Upper Side Band)
g (t )
Signal
Frequency
0 fb fc [Hz
fc-fb fc+fb
 Frequency Spectrum
SSB(Signle Side Band)
Baseband
g (t )
Signal LSB(Lower Side Band)

Frequency
0 fb fc-fb fc [Hz

Baseband or
g (t )
Signal USB(Upper Side Band)

Frequency
0 fb fc [Hz
fc+fb
Amateur Radio, Maritime Mobile, Air to Ground(USB)
LSB<10MHz<USB
 3. What are the Different of
Modulation Methods?
1. Analogue modulation- The modulating signal and
carrier both are analogue signals
Examples: Amplitude Modulation (AM) , Frequency
Modulation (FM) , Phase Modulation (PM)
2. Pulse modulation- The modulating signal is an
analogue signal but Carrier is a train of pulses
Examples : Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), Pulse
width modulation (PWM), Pulse position modulation
(PPM)
 3.What are the Different of
Modulation Methods?

3. Digital to Analogue modulation- The modulating

signal is a digital signal , but the carrier is an
analogue signal.
Examples: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), FSK, Phase
Shift Keying (PSK)

4. Digital modulation -
Examples: Pulse Code Modulation, Delta
Modulation,Adaptive Delta Modulation
 ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of

analog information by an analog signal. One may ask
why we need to modulate an analog signal; it is
already analog. Modulation is needed if the medium is
bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass channel is
available to us.

Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
Figure Types of analog-to-analog modulation
Figure Amplitude modulation
Note

The total bandwidth required for AM

can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.
Figure AM band allocation
Note

The total bandwidth required for FM can

be determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + )B.
Figure Frequency modulation
Figure FM band allocation
Figure Phase modulation
Note

The total bandwidth required for PM can

be determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the
modulating signal:
BPM = 2(1 + )B.
4. What are the Basic Types of
Analogue Modulation Methods ?
 4. What are the Basic Types of
Analogue Modulation Methods ?
Consider the carrier signal below:
sc(t ) = Ac(t) cos( 2fc t + )
1. Changing of the carrier amplitude Ac(t) produces
Amplitude Modulation signal (AM)
2. Changing of the carrier frequency fc produces
Frequency Modulation signal (FM)
3. Changing of the carrier phase produces
Phase Modulation signal (PM)
Analogue Modulation Methods
5. What are the different Forms
of Amplitude Modulation ?
 5. What are the different Forms
of Amplitude Modulation ?

1. Conventional Amplitude Modulation (DSB-LC)

(Alternatively known as Full AM or Double Sideband
with Large carrier (DSB-LC) modulation

2. Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)

modulation

3. Single Sideband (SSB) modulation

4. Vestigial Sideband (VSB) modulation

Conventional Amplitude Modulation
(Full AM)
6. Derive the Frequency Spectrum for Full-AM
Modulation (DSB-LC)
6. Derive the Frequency Spectrum for Full-AM
Modulation (DSB-LC)

1 The carrier signal is

sc (t ) Ac cos(ct ) where c 2f c

2 In the same way, a modulating signal (information

signal) can also be expressed as

sm (t ) Am cos mt
3 The amplitude-modulated wave can be expressed as

s(t ) Ac sm (t )cos(ct )

4 By substitution

s(t ) Ac Am cos( mt )cos( ct )

5 The modulation index.

Am
m
Ac
 6 Therefore The full AM signal may be
written as

s(t ) Ac (1 m cos( mt )) cos(ct )

cos A cos B 1 / 2[cos( A B) cos( A B)]

mAc mAc
s(t ) Ac (cos ct ) cos( c m )t cos( c m )t
2 2
7. Draw the Frequency Spectrum of the above AM
signal and calculate the Bandwidth
7. Draw the Frequency Spectrum of the above AM
signal and calculate the Bandwidth

fc-fm fC fc+fm
2fm
8. Draw Frequency Spectrum for a complex input
signal with AM
8. Draw Frequency Spectrum for a complex input
signal with AM

fc-fm fc fc+fm
 Frequency Spectrum of an AM signal

The frequency spectrum of AM waveform contains

three parts:

1. A component at the carrier frequency fc

2. An upper side band (USB), whose highest frequency
component is at fc+fm
3. A lower side band (LSB), whose highest frequency
component is at fc-fm
The bandwidth of the modulated waveform is twice the
information signal bandwidth.
 Because of the two side bands in the frequency spectrum its
often called Double Sideband with Large Carrier.(DSB-
LC)

The information in the base band (information) signal is

duplicated in the LSB and USB and the carrier conveys no
information.
Example
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 KHz.
What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal
using AM?
Example
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 KHz.
What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal
using AM?

Solution
An AM signal requires twice the bandwidth of the
original signal:
BW = 2 x 5 KHz = 10 KHz
AM Radio Band
9.Modulation
What is theIndex (m)
significance of modulation index ?
 9.Modulation
What is theIndex (m)
significance of modulation index ?

m is merely defined as a parameter, which determines the

amount of modulation.

What is the degree of modulation required to establish a

desirable AM communication link?

Answer is to maintain m<1.0 (m<100%).

This is important for successful retrieval of the original

transmitted information at the receiver end.
 If the amplitude of the modulating signal is higher than the
carrier amplitude, which in turn implies the modulation
index m 1.0(100%). This will cause severe distortion to the
modulated signal.
 Power
10. distribution
Calculate in full
the power AM
efficiency of AM signals
 10. Calculate the power efficiency of AM signals

The ratio of useful power, power efficiency :

sidebands power m2 / 2 m2

total power 1 m / 2 2 m2
2

In terms of power efficiency, for m=1 modulation, only

33% power efficiency is achieved which tells us that only
one-third of the transmitted power carries the useful
information.
 Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier
(DSB-SC) Modulation

The carrier component in full AM or DSB-LC does not convey any

information. Hence it may be removed or suppressed during the
modulation process to attain higher power efficiency.

The trade off of achieving a higher power efficiency using DSB-SC

is at the expense of requiring a complex and expensive receiver due
to the absence of carrier in order to maintain transmitter/receiver
synchronization.
11. Derive the Frequency Spectrum for Double Sideband
Suppressed Carrier Modulation (DSB-SC)

1 Consider the carrier

sc (t ) Ac cos(ct ) where c 2f c
2 modulated by a single sinusoidal signal
sm (t ) Am cos mt where m 2f m
3 The modulated signal is simply the product of these two
s (t ) Ac cos( c t ) Am cos( m t )
Ac Am cos( c t ) cos( m t )

since cos A cos B cos( A B ) cos( A B )

1
2
Am Ac Am Ac
cos( c m )t cos( c m )t
2 2
USB LSB
 sc (t ) Ac cos ct

sm (t ) Am cos mt X s(t ) Ac cos( ct ) Am cos( mt )

Frequency Spectrum of a DSB-SC AM Signal

fc-fm fc fc+fm
 All the transmitted power is contained in the two sidebands
(no carrier present).

The bandwidth is twice the modulating signal bandwidth.

USB displays the positive components of sm(t) and LSB

displays the negative components of sm(t).
 Generation and Detection of DSB-SC

The simplest method of generating a DSB-SC signal is

merely to filter out the carrier portion of a full AM (or
DSB-LC) waveform.

Given carrier reference, modulation and demodulation

(detection) can be implemented using product devices or
balanced modulators.
 BALANCED MODULATOR

Sm(t) S1(t)
AM Modulator 1

Sm(t) Accos(ct)
S(t)
Carrier
DSB-SC
Accos(ct)

AM Modulator 2
-Sm(t) S2(t)
 The two modulators are identical except for the sign
reversal of the input to one of them. Thus,

s1 (t ) Ac (1 m cos( mt )) cos( ct )

s2 (t ) Ac (1 m cos( mt )) cos(ct )

s(t ) s1 (t ) s2 (t )
2mAc cos( mt ) cos( ct )
 COHERENT (SYNCHRONOUS) DETECTOR OR
DSB-SC (PRODUCT DETECTOR)

v(t) vo(t)
DSB-SC Signal s(t) X LPF

Cosct

Local Oscillator

Since the carrier is suppressed the envelope no longer

represents the modulating signal and hence envelope
detector which is of the non-coherent type cannot be used.
v(t ) s (t ) cos( c t ) 2mAc cos( mt ) cos( c t )cos( c t )
Am
2 Ac cos( mt ) cos ( c t )
2

Ac
1 cos 2 c t
2 Am cos( mt )
2
Am cos( mt ) Am cos( mt ) cos( 2 c t )
since sm (t ) Am cos( mt )
sm(t) sm(t ) cos ( 2 c t)

Unwanted term(removed by LPF)
 It is necessary to have synchronization in both frequency
and phase between the transmitter (modulator) & receiver
(demodulator), when DSB-SC modulation ,which is of the
coherent type, is used.
Both phase and frequency must be known to demodulate
DSB-SC waveforms.
 LACK OF PHASE SYNCHRONISATION

Let the received DSB-SC signal be

sDSB SC (t ) sm (t ) cos ct Ac
if is unknown,
v(t ) sDSB SC (t ) cos ct
Ac sm (t ) cos ct cos ct

sm (t )cos cos2 ct
Ac

2
Output of LPF
Ac
vo (t ) sm (t ) cos
2
But we want just
Ac
vo (t ) sm (t )
2
Due to lack of phase synchronization, we will see that the
wanted signal at the output of LPF will be attenuated by an
amount of cos.
In other words, phase error causes an attenuation of the
output signal proportional to the cosine of the phase error.
The worst scenario is when =/2, which will give rise to
zero or no output at the output of the LPF.
 LACK OF FREQUENCY SYNCHRONISATION

Suppose that the local oscillator is not stable at fc but at

v(t ) sDSB SC (t ) cos c D t
fc+D f, then

Ac sm (t ) cos ct cos c D t

sm (t )cos Dt cos2 ct D
Ac

2
Output of LPF
Ac
vo (t ) sm (t ) cos Dt
2
Thus, the recovered baseband information signal will vary
sinusoidal according to cos D t
This problem can be overcome by adding an extra
synchronization circuitry which is required to detect and
D t and by providing the carrier signal to the receiver.

A synchronizer is introduced to curb the synchronization

problem exhibited in a coherent system.

Let the baseband signal be

sm (t ) Am cos mt
Received DSB-SC signal
s(t ) Ac sm (t ) cos ct
 SYNCHRONISER

( )2 PLL BPF 2

Mathematical analysis of the synchronizer is shown below:

s 2 (t ) Ac2 Am2 cos 2 mt cos 2 c t
Ac2 Am2
1 cos 2 mt 1 cos 2 ct
4
Ac2 Am2
1 cos 2 mt cos 2 ct cos 2 mt cos 2 ct
4
Ac2 Am2
1 cos 2 t cos 2 t
1
cos 2 t
1
cos 2 t
4
m c c m c m
2 2

Output of BPF Ac2 Am2

cos 2 ct
4
 Output of frequency divider
k cos ct
where k is a constant of proportionality.

DISADVANTAGE OF USING COHERENT SYSTEMS

The frequency and phase of the local oscillator signal must

be very precise which is very difficult to achieve.

It requires additional circuitry such as synchronizer circuit

and hence the cost is higher.
Single-Sideband Modulation
Single Side Band Modulation (SSB)

How to generate SSB signal?

Generate DSB-SC signal
Band-pass filter to pass only one of the sideband
and suppress the other.
For the generation of an SSB modulated signal
to be possible, the message spectrum must have
an energy gap centered at the origin.
 Example of signal with -300 Hz ~ 300 Hz energy gap
Voice : A band of 300 to 3100 Hz gives good
articulation
Also required for SSB modulation is a highly selective filter
 Vestigial
VestigialSideband Modulation
Side Band Modulation (VSB)
Instead of transmitting only one sideband as SSB, VSB
modulation transmits a partially suppressed sideband and a
vestige of the other sideband.
Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods
 Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods

Full AM (or DSB-LC)

- Sidebands are transmitted in full with the carrier.
- Simple to demodulate / detect
- Poor power efficiency
- Wide bandwidth ( twice the bandwidth of the information
signal)
- Used in commercial AM radio broadcasting, one
transmitter and many receivers.
 Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods

DSB-SC
- Less transmitted power than full AM and all the transmitted
power is useful.
- Requires a coherent carrier at the receiver; This results in
increased complexity in the detector(i.e. synchroniser)
- Suited for point to point communication involving one
transmitter and one receiver which would justify the use of
increased receiver complexity.
 Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods

SSB
- Good bandwidth utilization (message signal bandwidth =
modulated signal bandwidth)
- Good power efficiency
- Demodulation is harder as compares to full AM; Exact
filter design and coherent demodulation are required
- Preferred in long distance transmission of voice signals
 Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods

VSB
- Offers a compromise between SSB and DSB-SC
- VSB is standard for transmission of TV and similar signals
- Bandwidth saving can be significant if modulating signals
are of large bandwidth as in TV and wide band data
signals.
For example with TV the bandwidth of the modulating
signal can extend up to 5.5MHz; with full AM the
bandwidth required is 11MHz