Chapter 3

Fundamental Data Types of Java

Lecture Slides to Accompany

An Introduction to Computer Science
Using Java (2nd Edition)
by
S.N. Kamin, D. Mickunas, E. Reingold
 Chapter Preview
In this chapter we will:
discuss four important data types
integers
real numbers
strings
characters
describe the process of developing and
debugging a Java program
 Integers
Numbers without fractional parts
3, 47, -12
Variables can be used to store integers using
an assignment statement
int daysInWeek;
daysInWeek = 7;
In general integer variables may be used any
place an integer literal can be
 Reading Integers
import CSLib.*;

Inputbox in;
int i;

in = newInputBox();
in.setPrompt(Enter an integer: );
i = in.readInt();
Integer Arithmetic Operations
Symbol Operation Example
+ Addition 45 + 5 = 50
- Subtraction 657 57 = 600
* Multiplication 7000 * 3 = 2100
/ Division 10 / 3 = 3
% Remainder 10 % 3 = 1
 Precedence Rules
1. Evaluate all subexpressions in parentheses
2. Evaluate nested parentheses from the
inside out
3. In the absence of parentheses or within
parentheses
a. Evaluate *, /, or % before + or
b. Evaluate sequences of *, /, and % operators
from left to right
c. Evaluate sequences of + and operators from
left to right
 Precedence Examples
Example 1
6 + 37 % 8 / 5 is the same as
6 + ((37 % 8) / 5) =
6 + ( 5 / 5) = 7
Example 2
6 + 37 % (8 / 5) =
6 + 37 % 1 =
6+0=6
 Additional Integer Operators
Self-assignment
temperature = temperature + 10;
Increment
cent++;
equivalent to
cent = cent + 1;
Decrement
cent--;
equivalent to
cent = cent - 1;
 Initializers
May be used to give variables initial values
int x = 5;
int y = 6;
Can be written more concisely
int x = 5,
y = 6;
Can use expressions on the right hand side
int x = 5,
y = x + 1;
 Symbolic Constants

Useful when you want a variable whose

value never changes
Use the modifier final in its
declaration
Example
final int US_Population = 278058881;
 Real Numbers
Numbers with fractional parts
3.14159, 7.12, 9.0, 0.5e001, -16.3e+002
Declared using the type double
double pricePerPound = 3.99;
taxRate = 0.05;
shippingCost = 5.55;
The initialization part of the declaration is
optional
 Real Arithmetic Operations
Symbol Operation Example
+ Addition 4.50e01 + 5.30e00 =
5.03e01
- Subtraction 6.57e02 5.7oe01 =
6.00e02
* Multiplication 7e02 * 3.0e00 =
2.1e04
/ Division 9.6e01 / 2e01 =
4.8e00
 Reading Real Numbers
import CSLib.*;

Inputbox in;
double temp;

in = newInputBox();
in.setPrompt(Enter a real number: );
temp = in.readDouble();
 Strings
String is a class defined in the java.lang
package
Unlike other Java classes String has literals and a
defined operation
Examples
String prompt = Enter an integer:;
String t1 = To be ,
t2 = or not to be;
out.print(t1 + t2);
Out.print(Mass is + x * 2.2 + Kg);
 String Method Examples
OutputBox out = new OutputBox();
String s1 = Here is a test string;

out.println(s1.indexOf(s)); // prints 6
out.println(s1.indexOf(x)); // prints -
1

out.println(s1.length()); // prints
22

out.println(s1.substring(8,14));
// prints a test
 Reading Strings
import CSLib.*;

Inputbox in;
String input;

in = newInputBox();
in.setPrompt(Enter a real number: );
input = in.readString();
 Characters
Any key you type on the keyboard generates
a character which may or may not be
displayed on the screen (e.g. nonprinting
characters)
Characters are a primitive type in Java and
are not equivalent to strings
Examples
char vitamin = A,
chromosome = y,
middleInitial = N;
 Important Literal Characters
A, ,Z Uppercase letters
a, ,z Lowercase letters
0, , 9 Digits
.,,,!,,etc. Punctuation Marks
Blank
\n New line
\t Tab
\\ Backslash
\ Single Right Quote
 Common Debugging Problems
Misleading compiler error messages
Syntax errors indicated on one-line may actually
reflect an error made on an earlier line
Capitalization errors
Java is case sensitive, identifier names must use
the same capitalization rules each time
Logic Errors
Program appears to run correctly, but on closer
inspection the wrong output is displayed
 Limitations of Numeric Variables
Unlike the integers mathematics the type int
is not infinitely large and it is possible to
compute a value incorrectly because the
value is too large to be stored in an int
variable storage location
Unlike the real numbers in mathematics the
type double is not dense, it is not always
possible to test double expressions for
equality and obtain a correct result due to
rounding errors in representations
 Mixing Numeric Data Types
Java will automatically convert int expressions to
double values without loss of information
int i = 5;
double x = i + 10.5;
To convert double expressions to int requires a
typecasting operation and truncation will occur
i = (int) (10.3 * x)
To round-up instead of truncating add 0.5
i = (int) (10.3 * x + 0.5)
 Mixed Mode Operations and
Strings
It is important to remember that 13 and 13
are not the same
Examples
out.println(4 + 5) // prints 45
out.println(4 + 5) // prints 45
out.println(4 + 5) // prints 9
 Characters as Integers
It is legal to assign a char to an int variable
int i = a; // assigns 97 to i
It is legal to assign an int to an char
variable
char c = 97; // assigns a to c
It is possible to perform arithmetic on char
variables
char ch = a;
ch = ch + 1; // assigns b to ch