Petroleum Engineering:

Oil in Rock

Group M: Zachery Phillips, Patrick

Bonner, Jasmine Haywood, William
Smith
Instructor: Mr. Jose Zaghloul
 What is Petroleum?
o Oil is a
flammable,
yellow-to-
black mixture
of gases and
liquids that
occurs
naturally
beneath the
earths surface.
( dictionary. com)
 How is oil formed?
Plankton

Remains of tiny marine organisms (Plankton) are enmeshed with fine sands and sits and
settle at the bottom of quiet sea basins. These rocks will become the source for
generating oil.
During millions of years these source rocks are buried by sediments, increasing the
pressure and temperature of the source rock containing organic materials.
Mud and sand harden into shale and sandstone, while the organic material is
transformed into oil and gas.

As oil and gas is formed it migrates upwards because its density is lower than the density
of the brine found in the pores of rocks of the crust of the earth.
Oil and gas find impermeable barriers or capstones that collects and stores the migrating
oil. Formation of an oil and gas reservoir!
Most of the oil and gas formed does not find any traps and therefore is flows out the
surface of the earth or to the ocean floor.
Disciplines in Petroleum
Engineering

Reservoir Engineering

Production Engineering

Drilling Engineering
 Determination of Oil
Properties
o The properties of oil can be
determined by several experiments.
o Density
o Viscosity
o Water and Sediment Content
o Energy containment
 Density Determination
o Density
o (Ratio of mass to Volume at spec. conditions)
o Pressure
o Temperature

o Important Indicator (Defines Oil Value)

o API scale

o Oil Classification
o Light (Higher than 33.1 degrees API)
o Medium (Between 22.1 and 33.1 degrees API)
o Heavy (Less Than 22.1 degrees API)
 Density lab
Results and Discussion

Crude Oil
Density vs. Temperature
Results:
0.885
We learned that:
0.88
y = -0.0007x + 0.8882
Density decreases
Density [g/cc]

as temperature
0.875

0.87
increases. When
0.865 temperature
decreases,
density increases.
0.86
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Temperature [deg. C]

This suggests that

Figure 1. Density vs. Temperature
as oil is produced
it shrinks
Viscosity Determination
o Viscosity
o Resistance to the flow
oEx. Honey is more viscous
than water.
o Viscosity Determination
o Viscosity can be
determined by
measuring the amount
of time it takes for a
liquid to pass through a
small capillary tube.
 Viscosity Experiment
Results and Discussion
Results:
Crude Oil We learned that:
Viscosity vs. Temperature

20
Viscosity
18
decreases as
temperature
Viscosity [cp]

16

increases. Seems
y = -0.2868x + 41.125
14

12 to follow a linear
10
relationship.
8
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 This suggests that
Temperature [deg. F]
oil flows easier as
the temperature
Figure 1. Viscosity vs. Temperature increases.
 Water and Sediments Lab
Results and Discussion
o Production from a oil field contains other products besides oil.
o Water
o Sediments
o Particles, minerals, and other chemicals

o This means that Oil produced has to be processed in order to remove

those substances.

o Water and Sediments Experiment

o In this experiment we used a Centrifuge, and added toluene to a

crude oil sample to help separate the water and sediments from the
oil.

o Water and other particles were separated from the oil particles
because they are denser.

o The amount of water in the Pennsylvania crude oil sample was 6%

 Energy Content
Results and Discussion
o In this experiment we measured the amount of
energy that crude oil, alcohol and a sugar sample
can provide

o Heat of Combustion Experiment

o We measured the temperature increase of a

water bath due to the energy supplied by
burning those samples.

o The combustion of 1 gram of crude oil

increased the temperature of a 2 lt water
bath by 5.23 C

o The combustion of 1 gram of ethanol

increased the temperature by 4.02 C

o The combustion of 1 gram of sugar only

increased the bath temperature by 2.24 C

o This shows that crude oil can provide almost twice

as much energy than sugar, and still is a more
powerful fuel than an alcohol.
 Reservoir Properties
o Along with the properties of the oil,
experiments are also conducted to
determine reservoir properties.
o Reservoir properties:
o Porosity
o Permeability
 Porosity and Results
o Porosity
o Measure of empty space
o Porosity Determination
o Porosity can be determined by
measuring ratio of the volume of empty
space to the total volume.

o Determining porosity allows petroleum

engineers to know how much
petroleum is capable of being
contained in a reservoir.
Permeability of a Reservoir
o Permeability
o The measurement of a rocks pore size and
ability to let fluid pass.
o Determining Permeability
o To measure permeability we placed a
reservoir core sample into machine which
applied pressure onto the complete surface
area of the core.
o Then we allow water to enter the pressurized
chamber to be forced through reservoir core.
o Permeability Results
o We determined that as pressure on the core
decreased the amount of water passing
through the reservoir increased.
Any Questions?